Abstract:Phosphorus‐modified mesoporous inorganic materials play crucial roles in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass materials such as syngas (CO and H2), carbohydrate sugars and lignin. This review summarizes the recent advances on the Co‐impregnated phosphorus‐modified γ‐Al2O3 and SiO2 catalysts for production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels via Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction of syngas as well as metal phosphates or precious (Pt and Ru) metals‐supported on the metal phosphates for production of furanic… Show more
“…For all samples, the XPS peaks of P 2p appear at 129.4 and 130.3 eV (ascribed to P 2p3/2 and P 2p1/2 peaks in framework P) and 133.3 and 134.5 eV (ascribed to P 2p3/2 and P 2p1/2 in P 5+ of surface PO 4 3– ) . The binding energies of 778.1 and 792.9 eV in the Co 2p peaks of Co 2 P are characteristic of the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of framework Co . CoP also shows additional binding energies of 778.6 and 796.6 eV (related to the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of framework Co, respectively) and 798.5 and 782.1 eV (related to the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of Co 2+ of Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , respectively).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Recently, transition-metal phosphide nanoparticles have been considered promising candidates to replace noble-metal catalysts in electrochemistry due to their high activities and acid compatibility . In thermochemistry, metal phosphides is mainly used in hydrotreating reactions, such as hydrogenation reactions, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodechlorination . Practically, they demonstrated their ability to selectively hydrogenate CO and CC for cinnamaldehyde by adjusting the adsorption configuration of the reactants on the surface .…”
Developing an economic catalyst to upgrade furfural to alcohols (such as linear alcohol and cyclopentanol) is highly significant for fine chemical synthesis and biomass utilization. Here, a class of metal phosphate nanoparticles (such as CoP, Co 2 P, and Ni 2 P) with different metal compositions and topological structures is synthesized. The acidity and hydrogen activation ability were well adjusted according to the types. An 80.2% yield of 1,2,5-pentanetriol was reported for the first time via a hydrogenative ring-opening route over CoP, whereas Ni 2 P shows a high catalytic efficiency for cyclopentanol with a 62.8% yield via a hydrogenative ring-rearrangement route. Based on the catalytic performance of Pd/C and the result of attenuated total reflectance−infrared spectroscopy, the route difference is derived from the adsorption configuration of furfural on the catalyst. After loading on the insert support, the metal phosphate/support catalysts show high activity and stability during the recycling experiments. This work provides an effective strategy to regulate the reaction path through an adsorption mechanism and shows the precise synergistic effect of hydrogenation and acid catalysis.
“…For all samples, the XPS peaks of P 2p appear at 129.4 and 130.3 eV (ascribed to P 2p3/2 and P 2p1/2 peaks in framework P) and 133.3 and 134.5 eV (ascribed to P 2p3/2 and P 2p1/2 in P 5+ of surface PO 4 3– ) . The binding energies of 778.1 and 792.9 eV in the Co 2p peaks of Co 2 P are characteristic of the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of framework Co . CoP also shows additional binding energies of 778.6 and 796.6 eV (related to the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of framework Co, respectively) and 798.5 and 782.1 eV (related to the 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks of Co 2+ of Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , respectively).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Recently, transition-metal phosphide nanoparticles have been considered promising candidates to replace noble-metal catalysts in electrochemistry due to their high activities and acid compatibility . In thermochemistry, metal phosphides is mainly used in hydrotreating reactions, such as hydrogenation reactions, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodechlorination . Practically, they demonstrated their ability to selectively hydrogenate CO and CC for cinnamaldehyde by adjusting the adsorption configuration of the reactants on the surface .…”
Developing an economic catalyst to upgrade furfural to alcohols (such as linear alcohol and cyclopentanol) is highly significant for fine chemical synthesis and biomass utilization. Here, a class of metal phosphate nanoparticles (such as CoP, Co 2 P, and Ni 2 P) with different metal compositions and topological structures is synthesized. The acidity and hydrogen activation ability were well adjusted according to the types. An 80.2% yield of 1,2,5-pentanetriol was reported for the first time via a hydrogenative ring-opening route over CoP, whereas Ni 2 P shows a high catalytic efficiency for cyclopentanol with a 62.8% yield via a hydrogenative ring-rearrangement route. Based on the catalytic performance of Pd/C and the result of attenuated total reflectance−infrared spectroscopy, the route difference is derived from the adsorption configuration of furfural on the catalyst. After loading on the insert support, the metal phosphate/support catalysts show high activity and stability during the recycling experiments. This work provides an effective strategy to regulate the reaction path through an adsorption mechanism and shows the precise synergistic effect of hydrogenation and acid catalysis.
“…Due to the mesoporous structure and adjustable surface acidity, they have been studied for biomass conversion, syngas conversion, biodiesel production, and butane oxidation over catalysts such as sodium phosphate and vanadium phosphate. [111] For the glycerol dehydration to acrylic acid, 92% acrolein selectivity was reported over an iron phosphate (FePO 4 ) catalyst. FePO 4 is a weak acid catalyst.…”
Section: Phosphate-containing Catalystmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phosphorus is a potential element for various compound formations, owing to its remarkable ability of bond formation, and hence, can be equated for carbon. [ 111 ] The group of phosphate catalysts mainly include phosphoric acid substituted composites and metal phosphates. Due to the mesoporous structure and adjustable surface acidity, they have been studied for biomass conversion, syngas conversion, biodiesel production, and butane oxidation over catalysts such as sodium phosphate and vanadium phosphate.…”
Section: Catalysts For Glycerol Oxydehydration Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to the mesoporous structure and adjustable surface acidity, they have been studied for biomass conversion, syngas conversion, biodiesel production, and butane oxidation over catalysts such as sodium phosphate and vanadium phosphate. [ 111 ]…”
Section: Catalysts For Glycerol Oxydehydration Processmentioning
Acrylic acid, conventionally produced via propylene (non‐renewable fossil fuel route), is an industrially important chemical. The bio‐based feedstock process employing glycerol (a by‐product of biodiesel production) has attracted the attention of researchers due to its non‐polluting and renewable characteristics. Bi/multifunctional catalysts using a combination of zeolites, metal oxides, heteropoly acids, and phosphates have been mainly studied for the glycerol oxydehydration process. Brønsted acid sites favour acrolein generation over Lewis acid sites, whereas the redox sites convert the generated acrolein to acrylic acid. So far, the maximum acrylic acid yields of 60% and 59% have been reported on heteropoly acid and mixed metal oxide catalysts, respectively. Some DFT studies also revealed the deprotonation energy of acid sites and further helped in designing efficient catalysts. Despite these accomplishments, catalyst deactivation because of coking and stability remains a major problem. In this paper, various bi/multifunctional catalysts employed in glycerol oxydehydration to acrylic acid are critically reviewed. Different catalyst forms, preparation techniques, reaction kinetics, reaction mechanisms, deactivation, reactivation, process operating parameters, and sustainability are considered. In addition, the challenges associated with each catalyst type and strategies to overcome low yield, deactivation, and future directions are discussed.
Oxidative addition of aliphatic amine on monocyclic 2-R-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (R = methyl or phenyl) leading to phosphoranes bearing a P H axial bond was investigated using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. The reaction followed first order kinetics for both reactants. The activation parameters were consistent with a concerted mechanism exhibiting stereo, enantio, and regio specificities.Systematic density functional theory studies including reactivity descriptors, structural parameters, determination of all possible phosphorane isomers, their transition states and their formation mechanisms were carried out to delineate the reaction pathway. Depending on the nature of the atom in the final apical position (H, N of the amine, or C of the methyl), three types of phosphoranes were identified. Energy profiles, using the intrinsic reaction coordinate technique for the formation of each isomer, were established. It was shown that the phosphorus biphilicity acts in three consecutive sequences, namely nitrogen nucleophilic attack leading to a supermolecule structure, nucleophilic behavior of phosphorus in the transition state zone of influence, and electrophilic approach of the nitrogen atom to complete the reaction. Phosphorane with an equatorial P H bond was found to be a kinetic product that transforms rapidly to the thermodynamically stable isomer with axial P H via two consecutive Berry pseudo-rotations. A new tool, referred to reactive internal reaction coordinates, was introduced to represent the reaction path more clearly.
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