A review on bi/multifunctional catalytic oxydehydration of bioglycerol to acrylic acid: Catalyst type, kinetics, and reaction mechanism

Abstract

Acrylic acid, conventionally produced via propylene (non‐renewable fossil fuel route), is an industrially important chemical. The bio‐based feedstock process employing glycerol (a by‐product of biodiesel production) has attracted the attention of researchers due to its non‐polluting and renewable characteristics. Bi/multifunctional catalysts using a combination of zeolites, metal oxides, heteropoly acids, and phosphates have been mainly studied for the glycerol oxydehydration process. Brønsted acid sites favour acrolein generation over Lewis acid sites, whereas the redox sites convert the generated acrolein to acrylic acid. So far, the maximum acrylic acid yields of 60% and 59% have been reported on heteropoly acid and mixed metal oxide catalysts, respectively. Some DFT studies also revealed the deprotonation energy of acid sites and further helped in designing efficient catalysts. Despite these accomplishments, catalyst deactivation because of coking and stability remains a major problem. In this paper, various bi/multifunctional catalysts employed in glycerol oxydehydration to acrylic acid are critically reviewed. Different catalyst forms, preparation techniques, reaction kinetics, reaction mechanisms, deactivation, reactivation, process operating parameters, and sustainability are considered. In addition, the challenges associated with each catalyst type and strategies to overcome low yield, deactivation, and future directions are discussed.

Conversion of glycerol to acrylic acid: a review of strategies, recent developments and prospects

“…In fact, the direct conversion of glycerol to acrylic acid has been implemented using either multifunctional/tandem catalysts or through the integration of multiple thermocatalytic conversion processes. 8,[83][84][85] Catalyst development plays a crucial role in the implementation of many conversion processes including those reactions conducted under sub and supercritical conditions. 86,87 Thus, a diverse range of materials, including…”

“…92 No additional reagents are required to conduct this reaction, which has been implemented in both the liquid and gas phase. 83,85 Complete glycerol conversion and high acrolein selectivities have been demonstrated over a diverse range of catalysts, particularly those that are zeolite-based. However, preventing rapid catalyst deactivation remains a major challenge.…”

Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review

“…Research and development of TCA is also focused on environmental issues as well as commercialization of product. For a new green process to be commercially feasible, the techno-economical factor plays a significant role [147]. Highly compatible polymerbased conductive adhesive provides an environmentally friendly lead-free alternative to lead-based components.…”

Issue Highlights

“…The associated challenges and strategies to overcome low yield, deactivation, and future directions are discussed. [3] An experimental study on the effect of gas injection configuration on flow characteristics in high viscosity oil columns…”

“…The associated challenges and strategies to overcome low yield, deactivation, and future directions are discussed. [ 3 ]…”