Phosphorus Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials from Gallic Acid and Other Naturally Occurring Multihydroxybenzoic Acids

Abstract

The development of polymer and polymer additives from renewable biosources is becoming increasingly prominent. This reflects increasing concerns about sustainability, environmental quality, and human health. Bioproducts produced in nature are generally inexpensive and benign in the environment. Moreover, degradation of derivatives does not yield toxic products. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is found widely in nature and has long been touted for its medicinal qualities. 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is also produced by several plants, most notably buckwheat. Both compounds, as the anilide and methyl ester, respectively, have been converted to a series of phosphorus esters, both phosphonate and phosphate. Esters have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods. These compounds display good flame retardancy at low loadings in DGEBA epoxy resin.

Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2-endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene)

“…This is largely driven by concern about the release of toxic agents to the environment and the likely negative impact of these materials on human health. Flame retardants, in particular have been a focus of much of this development [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Precursors for biobased flame retardants may come from a variety of sources including plant oils [49], seed grain constituents [50,51], and by-products of food manufacture [47,49].…”

“…Toxicity of organophosphorus compounds is usually the consequence of a particular structure rather than a function of the compounds as a class. Organophosphorus compounds based on renewable biosources are particularly attractive [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. The precursors to these compounds are usually nontoxic, benign, or biodegradable in the environment, often renewable annually, and available at costs that are independent of fluctuations in petrochemical markets.…”

Flame‐retardant compounds for polymeric materials from an abundantly available, renewable biosource, castor oil

“…25 This is particularly the case for effective new, nontoxic, environmentally friendly flame retardants. 24,[26][27][28][29] Most of these are organophosphorus compounds.…”

Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan

“…Further, the utilization of these materials is independent of the cost or availability of petrochemicals. Most prominently, the development of new flame retardants from biosources has been a focus [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Plant sources have long been the origin of many commercial materials [46].…”