Flame‐retardant compounds for polymeric materials from an abundantly available, renewable biosource, castor oil

Abstract

Summary Castor oil is a triglyceride extracted from the seed (castor bean) of the castor plant. This plant will thrive on relatively poor soil and in an arid climate. The oil is nonedible but is produced annually in large volume to be converted to biodiesel (largely for the European market). The oil contains both unsaturation and hydroxyl functionality that may be utilized for conversion to flame retarding materials. A series of phosphorus esters has been generated from castor oil. All display good flame retardancy in the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. Introduction of bromine at the double bond generally enhances the flame retardancy of these esters.

Gallate ester of castor oil as a multifunctional additive in HAF carbon black–filled natural rubber composites

“…The major fatty acid that CO contains is 12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid (ricinoleic acid) which accounts for 90% of the total fatty acids in the CO. [1,2,5] Recently, CO has emerged as a good chemical platform for preparing variety of eco-friendly materials alternative to petroleum-based materials due to the possibility of modifying its hydroxyl groups and unsaturated bonds resulting in the production of new CO-derived materials with a variety of properties. [4][5][6][7][8][9] CO and its derivatives have been applied in several applications. [10,11] Among the applications of CO that attracted our attention was its application as a plasticizer in rubber industry where it was used without modification instead of petroleumbased oil to improve the rubber processability.…”

Biobased Plasticizers from Glycerol/Adipic Acid Hyperbranched Poly(ester)s

“…Both polymers and polymer additives from biomaterials are of increasing interest as concerns about environmental contamination, potential toxicity, and impacts on human health and safety become more prominent. − This is particularly the case for flame retardants − and plasticizers. − For most polymers to be processed, plasticization is required. This is most prominent for poly­(vinyl chloride) (PVC) .…”