Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins

Abstract

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.

Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

“…Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) such as phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and mineral fillers were incorporated and their effect on flame retardancy of PLA was investigated. [7][8][9][10][11] One of the most reported FRs among phosphorus-containing compounds are 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives. Long et al synthesized, characterized, and investigated various bridged DOPO derivatives (DOPO 2 -ethyl, DOPO 2 -phenethyl, and DOPO 2 -naphtalene) in PLA.…”

“…[17][18][19] Besides these petrochemical flame retardants efforts were made to produce greener alternatives for flame retardant PLA involving the incorporation of biomass derived charring agents or flame retardants derived from biobased chemicals like pentaerythritol. [11] Lignin, starch, cellulose, cyclodextrin, and casein were incorporated in PLA and their flame retardant effect was evaluated. The PLA composites achieved a UL94 V-0 rating upon addition of 20-30 wt.% of one of these biomass derived compounds.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum 2-Carboxyethyl-Phenyl-Phosphinate and Its Flame-Retardant Application in Polyester

“…In recent years, some researchers have been trying several kinds of flame retardants, such as brominated flame retardants [13], phosphorus-containing flame retardant [14,15], intumescent flame retardant [16,17], and nanometer flame retardant [18][19][20] to improve the flame retardancy of polyester textile. Some researchers have been trying to combine some known efficient phosphorus-based characteristic structures or functional groups, such as phosphonate and phosphinate [21][22][23][24], cyclotriphosphazene [25][26][27][28], and phosphinate-POSS [29,30] to prepare the flame-retardant polyester textile.…”

Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2-endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene)

“…This is largely driven by concern about the release of toxic agents to the environment and the likely negative impact of these materials on human health. Flame retardants, in particular have been a focus of much of this development [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Precursors for biobased flame retardants may come from a variety of sources including plant oils [49], seed grain constituents [50,51], and by-products of food manufacture [47,49].…”

“…Toxicity of organophosphorus compounds is usually the consequence of a particular structure rather than a function of the compounds as a class. Organophosphorus compounds based on renewable biosources are particularly attractive [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. The precursors to these compounds are usually nontoxic, benign, or biodegradable in the environment, often renewable annually, and available at costs that are independent of fluctuations in petrochemical markets.…”