Phosphonylated tyrosine and lysine residues as biomarkers of local exposure of human hair to the organophosphorus nerve agents sarin and VX

Abstract

We herein present for the first time a micro liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization high‐resolution tandem‐mass spectrometry (μLC‐ESI MS/HR MS) procedure to detect phosphonylated tyrosine (Tyr) and lysine (Lys) residues obtained from human hair exposed to organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNA). In general, toxic OPNA react with endogenous blood proteins causing the formation of adducts representing well‐known targets for biomedical analysis to prove exposure. In contrast, no protein‐derived biomarker has been introduced so far to document local exposure of hair. Accordingly, we developed and characterized a μLC‐ESI MS/HR MS method for the analysis of scalp hair exposed to OPNA in vitro. Type I and Type II keratin from hair was dissolved during lysis, precipitated and subjected to pronase‐catalyzed hydrolysis yielding single adducted Lys and in a much higher amount Tyr residues. Exposure to sarin caused the adduction of an isopropyl methylphosphonic acid moiety and exposure to VX yielded adducts of ethyl methylphosphonic acid, well suited as biomarkers of exposure. These were of appropriate stability in the autosampler for 24 h. The biomarker yield obtained from hair of six individuals as well as from hair of six different parts of the body of one individual (armpit, beard, leg, arm, scalp, and pubic) differed reasonably indicating the variable individual protein composition and structure of hair. Exposed hair stored at ambient temperature for 9 weeks with contact to air and daylight showed stability of all adducts and therefore their suitability for verification of exposure.

Effects of the nerve agent VX on hiPSC-derived motor neurons

“…As evidence that the VX concentrations used in this study are sufficient to reach and modify cellular proteins, phosphonylated tyrosine residues Tyr(-EMP) obtained after proteolysis with pronase are well-established biomarkers (Kranawetvogl et al 2016 ; John et al 2023 ). Following this approach, the well-known diagnostic ions at m/z 214.063, m/z 242.094, and m/z 197.036, representing the three most intense product ions of protonated Tyr(-EMP) ( m/z 288.096), were monitored by μLC-ESI MS/HR MS (PIS) (Fig.…”