Phosphogypsum Processing for  Rare Earths Recovery—A Review

Yang, Xiaofeng; Salvador, Dandara; Makkonen, Hannu V.; Pakkanen, Lassi

doi:10.4236/nr.2019.109021

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Physical methods are based on the differences in physical properties between gypsum and impurities, such as solubility, particle size, magnetism, etc., through washing, cyclone classification, sieving, magnetic separation, and other processes to remove impurities from PG [53][54][55][56].…”

Section: Physical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

Guan,

Wang,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Materials

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Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct during the phosphoric acid production process, also known as the wet process, contains complex and diverse impurities, resulting in low utilization and considerable accumulation. This leads to a massive waste of land resources and a series of environmental pollution problems. Given the current urgent ecological and environmental situation, developing impurity removal processes with low energy consumption and high efficiency, exploring valuable resource recovery, preparing high value-added PG products, and broadening the comprehensive utilization ways of PG are significant strategies to promote the sustainable consumption of PG and sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry. This review comprehensively summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of existing PG impurity removal and utilization technologies and probes into the future development direction, which provides references and ideas for subsequent PG research.

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Section: Physical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

Guan,

Wang,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…Physical and chemical pre-treatment methods have been used to upgrade the low concentrations of REEs present in PG prior to processing. Physical methods such as hydrodynamic, flotation, grinding and high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) have been reported in the literature [46,47]. In a study by Yang et al [48] four tests of physical enrichments were conducted on PG through treating it by HGMS alone, flotation combined with HGMS or mechanical grinding followed by flotation and HGMS, and hydrodynamic sedimentation followed by HGMS, respectively.…”

Section: Beneficiation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is mainly due to some specific limitations of impurities such as radioactive and REEs being present in PG [43]. A few studies have investigated the phases in which REEs occurred in PG but their conclusions varied depending upon the source of the PG [44][45][46]. From these studies, it was found that REEs usually occur in four main phases namely as carbonates, phosphates, fluorides, and sulphates.…”

Section: Phosphogypsum Disposal and Use Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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The need for rare earths elements (REEs) in high tech electrical and electronic based materials are vital. In the global economy, deposits of natural REEs are limited except for countries such as China, which has prompted current attempts to seek alternative resources of REEs. This increased the dependence on major secondary rare earth-bearing sources such as scrap alloy, battery waste, spent catalysts, fly ash, spent magnets, waste light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and phosphogypsum (PG) for a substantial recovery of REEs for use. Recycling of REEs from these alternative waste sources through hydrometallurgical processes is becoming a sustainable and viable approach due to the low energy consumption, low waste generation, few emissions, environmentally friendliness, and economically feasibility. Industrial wastes such as the PG generated from the production of phosphoric acid is a potential secondary resource of REEs that contains a total REE concentration of over 2000 mg/kg depending upon the phosphate ore from which it is generated. Due to trace concentration of REEs in the PG (normally < 0.1% wt.) and their tiny and complex occurrence as mineral phases the recovery process of REE from PG would be highly challenging in both technology and economy. Various physicochemical pre-treatments approaches have been used up to date to up-concentrate REEs from PG prior to their extraction. Methods such as carbonation, roasting, microwave heating, grinding or recrystallization have been widely used for this purpose. This present paper reviews recent literature on various techniques that are currently employed to up-concentrate REs from PG to provide preliminary insight into further critical raw materials recovery. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies are discussed as avenues for realization of REE recovery from PG at a larger scale. In all the different approaches, recrystallization of PG appears to show promising advantages due to both high REE recovery as well as the pure PG phase that can be obtained.

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“…The rare earth elements (REEs) are the lanthanides series, scandium, and yttrium, except for promethium, all of which occur in nature. The REEs are found fixed in their minerals and act as the same chemical entity [ 1 ]. Rare earth elements are not found as individual compounds, but the mineral usually contains all the REEs with some enrichment of them by the cerium group or yttrium group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cetylpyridinium Bromide/Polyvinyl Chloride for Substantially Efficient Capture of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Solution

et al. 2022

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A new sorbent cetylpyridinium bromide/polyvinylchloride (CPB/PVC) was prepared and tested to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from their chloride solutions. It was identified by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The impact of various factors such as pH, RE ion initial concentration, contacting time, and dose amount via sorption process was inspected. The optimum pH was 6.0, and the equilibrium contact time was reached at 60 min at 25 °C. The prepared adsorbent (CPB/PVC) uptake capacity was 182.6 mg/g. The adsorption of RE ions onto the CPB/PVC sorbent was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm as well as pseudo-second-order models well. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of RE ion sorption were found to be exothermic and spontaneous. The desorption of RE ions from the loaded CPB/PVC sorbent was investigated. It was observed that the optimum desorption was achieved at 1.0 M HCl for 60 min contact time at ambient room temperature and a 1:60 solid: liquid phase ratio (S:L). As a result, the prepared CPB/PVC sorbent was recognized as a competitor sorbent for REEs.

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Phosphogypsum Processing for Rare Earths Recovery—A Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Cetylpyridinium Bromide/Polyvinyl Chloride for Substantially Efficient Capture of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Solution

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