Phosphate slurry RTD - Effect of the radiotracer choice

Comparative Study of Two Identical Industrial Digesters Using Radiotracer‐Based Residence Time Distribution Measurement

“…To optimize the process, it is always necessary to evaluate the performance of the reactor by identifying malfunctions, flow abnormalities, other mechanical damages, hot and cold spots, dead zones, etc. [1]. Conversely, it is challenging to identify the malfunctioning in multiphase flow systems with varying physical properties throughout the reactor.…”

“…Several studies were carried out to optimize the operating parameters or investigate the flow behavior in industrial reactors [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Model simulation studies were also performed to identify the deviation from ideal reactors for these industrial RTD experiments.…”

A novel approach to residence time distribution characterization in a mAb continuous process

“…Due to the continuous addition and removal of material from the upstream and downstream process, continuous‐stirred tank reactor (CSTR) equations were utilized to model the RTD of molecules throughout the process (Fogler, 2006). This approach has been utilized extensively by pharmaceutical, oil, fertilizer, and polymer industries typically utilizing dyes, ions, or radioactive molecules for the tracer (Ben Abdelouahed et al, 2016; Bhaskar & Singh, 2018; Boskovic & Loebbecke, 2008; Orsi et al, 2009; Sharma et al, 2016; Sugiharto et al, 2009; Youssef et al, 2017). An alternative approach for RTD characterization of screw extruders utilized anthracene‐bearing substance as a fluorescent tracer demonstrating improved flow characteristics compared to radioactive and ion tracers (Hu et al, 1999).…”

“…Due to the continuous addition and removal of material from the upstream and downstream process, continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) equations were utilized to model the RTD of molecules throughout the process (Fogler, 2006). This approach has been utilized extensively by pharmaceutical, oil, fertilizer, and polymer industries typically utilizing dyes, ions, or radioactive molecules for the tracer (Ben Abdelouahed et al, 2016;Bhaskar & Singh, 2018;Boskovic & Loebbecke, 2008;Orsi et al, 2009;Sharma et al, 2016;Sugiharto et al, 2009;Youssef et al, 2017). An alternative approach for RTD characterization of screw extruders utilized anthracenebearing substance as a fluorescent tracer demonstrating improved Nomenclature: C i , C 1 , C 2 , C 4 , C 6 , concentration of tracer at t = 0 (i) and at time t for bioreactor (1), permeate (2), pre-SPTFF hold tank (4), and post-SPTFF hold tank (6); C is , C i × % seiving for the post-bioreactor models including permeate, pre-SPTFF and post-SPTFF hold tanks for a tracer impacted by filter sieving; F, flowrate in and out of the bioreactor; t, time in hours; V, V2, bioreactor volume (V) and permeate volume in the ATF filter (2); τ, V/F; τs, (Tank volume × (1−PCV)/Volumetric flowrate)/% sieving.…”

Optimization of injected radiotracer volume for flow rate measurement in closed conduits

“…They cannot be applied to pilot-scale and large-scale industrial systems because of their many disadvantages [5][6][7], such as low detection sensitivity, required physical-chemical compatibility and unsuitability for online detection for most of the phases in industrial processes. These disadvantages of the conventional tracer techniques are overcome by radiotracers [8][9][10]. Furthermore, multiple radiotracers can be simultaneously used for tracing different phases because emission of characteristic gamma radiations can be detected by spectroscopic measurements [11].…”