Phononics of Graphene Interfaced with Flowing Ionic Fluid: An Avenue for High Spatial Resolution Flow Sensor Applications

Yazdi, Alireza Ahmadian; Xu, Jie; Berry, Vikas

doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c00020

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Since graphene has a monatomic thickness, these peaks are highly sensitive to its structural, electronic, and interfacial properties. 18 In particular, Raman peak positions correlate strongly with its doping level represented by the concentration of charge carriers in graphene (dopants/cm 2 ). 19 …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Among the available phononic modes (D, D′, G, 2D, and 2D′), graphene’s properties are predominantly represented by the following three phonon vibrational modes: D-band peak (intervalley phonon) near 1350 cm –1 , G-band peak (E 2g , primary in-plane vibrational mode) around 1580 cm –1 , and 2D-band peak (second-order overtone of a different in-plane vibrational mode) at about 2670 cm –1 (peak positions are for a 532 nm incident laser). Since graphene has a monatomic thickness, these peaks are highly sensitive to its structural, electronic, and interfacial properties . In particular, Raman peak positions correlate strongly with its doping level represented by the concentration of charge carriers in graphene (dopants/cm 2 ) …”

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confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Spike Protein Induced Phononic Modification in Antibody-Coupled Graphene for Viral Detection Application

Nguyen

Kim

Lindemann³

et al. 2021

ACS Nano

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With an incubation time of about 5 days, early diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to control the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that killed more than 3 million people in its first 1.5 years. Here, we report on the modification of the dopant density and the phononic energy of antibody-coupled graphene when it interfaces with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This graphene chemeo-phononic system was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the limit of detection of ∼3.75 and ∼1 fg/mL in artificial saliva and phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. It also exhibited selectivity over proteins in saliva and MERS-CoV spike protein. Since the change in graphene phononics is monitored instead of the phononic signature of the analyte, this optical platform can be replicated for other COVID variants and specific-binding-based biodetection applications.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Spike Protein Induced Phononic Modification in Antibody-Coupled Graphene for Viral Detection Application

Nguyen

Kim

Lindemann³

et al. 2021

ACS Nano

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“…A variety of 2D FET sensors were fabricated to monitor liquid flow rate and velocity. − The flow sensing mechanism based on hydrodynamic doping can be explained by ionic concentration changes in electric double layer models. In 2012, He et al realized flow velocity detection using a solution-gate GFET sensor integrated with microfluidic systems.…”

Section: Physical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, they also demonstrated the linear relation between the flow rate and the local stream potential. In 2021, Yazdi and co-workers developed a differential electrolyte-gated GFET for investigating interactions between the graphene and flowing ionic fluid (Figure a) . Owing to the hydrodynamic doping effect, the graphene Fermi energy shifts climb logarithmically with increasing flow rate.…”

Section: Physical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GFET flow sensor exhibited evident logarithmic dependence on the flow velocity from ∼100 μm s –1 to 10 mm s –1 , which demonstrates Δ E f ∝ log(α u ) with α being a constant and u being the average flow rate. To understand the strong sublinear behavior, the authors calculated the total charge density at different flow rates and plotted it with the Péclet number (Figure b) . In the low Pe regime with low flow velocities, the convective ion transport is negligible compared to the diffusion and electromigration.…”

Section: Physical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization

2022

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The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.

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Ultrasensitive Mid‐Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons

Guo

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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nanomedicine targeting effects are at the nanoscale level. [2] Thus, it is important to develop in situ and noninvasive methods with nanoscale resolutions to understand biological processes in physiological environments. [3] Along these lines, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy serves as a label-free, noninvasive, and fast method for identifying biomolecules by detecting their molecular vibrational fingerprints. [4] However, achieving FTIR in aqueous solutions with nanoscale sensitivity remains a challenge since the strong and broad IR band of water (H 2 O) always masks the vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules, especially in the mid-IR range. [5] Many efforts have been made to implement the vibrational fingerprints masked by H 2 O. For example, alternative solvents (e.g., D 2 O, CCl 4 , and CS 2 ) are used in FTIR measurements since their IR absorption bands are shifted away from the absorption band of H 2 O. [4] Another potential route is to shorten the effective IR optical path in an aqueous solution to suppress the interference of H 2 O, such as the attenuated total reflectance (ATR). [6] Nevertheless, neither solvent replacement nor ATR can enhance the FTIR sensitivity to the nanoscale due to the weak light-matter interaction. Therefore, the surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) technique is developed for in situ probing nanoscale samples through the enhanced near-field of the surface plasmons. [7] Although the metal-antenna-based SEIRA has already achieved high sensitivity, the detection limit is ultimately restricted to monolayer molecules by the relatively poor light confinement of metal in the mid-IR.The extremely high light confinement of graphene plasmon renders it attractive for SEIRA applications. [8] The sensitivity of graphene-plasmon-enhanced FTIR can reach sub-nanometer scale, which has been demonstrated in identifying molecules in the solid phase and the gas phase. [8a,9] In addtion, graphene can increase the IR absorption of molecules in aqueous solution in the inner reflection process, [10] but the lack of tunability as well as the utilization of bulky ATR instrumentation prevents it from practical use. [11] In this work, we develop a tunable graphene-plasmonenhanced FTIR technology to identify nanoscale proteins in physiological conditions. Specifically, the interference of H 2 O outside the graphene plasmon hotspots is eliminated Identifying nanoscale biomolecules in aqueous solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides an in situ and noninvasive method for exploring the structure, reactions, and transport of biologically active molecules. However, this remains a challenge due to the strong and broad IR absorption of water which overwhelms the respective vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules. In this work, a tunable IR transparent microfluidic system with graphene plasmons is exploited to identify ≈2 nm-thick proteins in physiological conditions. The acquired in situ tunability makes it possible to eliminate the IR absorption of...

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Phononics of Graphene Interfaced with Flowing Ionic Fluid: An Avenue for High Spatial Resolution Flow Sensor Applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

COVID-19 Spike Protein Induced Phononic Modification in Antibody-Coupled Graphene for Viral Detection Application

COVID-19 Spike Protein Induced Phononic Modification in Antibody-Coupled Graphene for Viral Detection Application

Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization

Ultrasensitive Mid‐Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons

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