“…The dynamic organization of defensive behaviors has been recognized and refined by many researchers and has been formalized as the threat imminence model (Blanchard & Blanchard, 1990;Fanselow, 1994) or the defense cascade model (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997), including its extension to trauma-related defense (Schauer & Elbert, 2010; for reviews, see Adolphs, 2013;Lowe & Ziemke, 2011;McNaughton, 2011). This theoretical framework, which has been translated recently into a transdiagnostic model for conceptualizing anxiety disorders (panic disorder and agoraphobia; Hamm et al, 2016;specific phobias;Hamm, 2015b), is depicted in Figure 1.…”