Phenylacetylglutamine is associated with the degree of coronary atherosclerotic severity assessed by coronary computed tomographic angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease

Mitochondria as novel mediators linking gut microbiota to atherosclerosis that is ameliorated by herbal medicine: A review

“…Oral IPA administration mitigates the extent of atherosclerotic lesions by activating ABCA1 and promoting RCT ( Xue et al, 2022 ). Another amino acid derivative metabolized by the gut microbiota is phenylacetylglutamine, which induces platelet hyper-responsiveness and thrombotic action ( Liu et al, 2021 ) and is positively associated with MACE ( Bogiatzi et al, 2018 ). Furthermore, secondary bile acids (BAs) and LPS are microbiota-dependent proatherogenic molecules.…”

Phenylacetylglutamine as a risk factor and prognostic indicator of heart failure

“…PAGln derived from the phenylalanine metabolism through gut microbiota and human liver. 15 Studies have identified it as a cardiovascular disease‐related molecule 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 and suggest that it functions by activating adrenergic receptors. 15 A previous study demonstrated that PAGln was an independent risk factor for incident HF in African Americans, 13 whereas another study found it useful for identifying patients at high risk of HF‐related events after acute uncompensated HF.…”

Prognostic value of plasma phenylalanine and gut microbiota-derived metabolite phenylacetylglutamine in coronary in-stent restenosis

“…The pathophysiological link between PAGln and MACEs was partly because of enhanced platelet responsiveness and thrombosis potential (14,33). A study by Liu et al confirmed the independent association between plasma PAGln levels and the degree of coronary atherosclerotic severity (16). Another study suggested that higher plasma levels of PAGln are associated with the moderate-severe overall white matter hyperintensity in patients with acute ischemic stroke (34).…”

“…Recently, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), a metabolite generated by the gut microbial metabolism of phenylalanine (Phe), has been proven to be associated with enhanced platelet responsiveness and thrombosis potential (14). Studies also confirmed that circulating PAGln levels are related to coronary atherosclerotic severity and an increase in the risk of future CAD and overall mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (15)(16)(17). Our previous study revealed the dysbiosis of GM and PAGln in patients with CAD with in-stent stenosis (18); however, the association between substances in the entire metabolic pathway (from Phe to PAGln) (Figure 1) and coronary ISR has not been investigated.…”