“…For instance, while spring phenology tends to advance with climate warming, changes in autumn phenology exhibit heterogeneity (18,56). The complexity of factors influencing autumn phenology, such as temperature, photoperiod, CO 2 , early phenological events, and carbohydrate accumulation, makes its prediction challenging (10,32,51,(57)(58)(59). However, incorporating the constant time allocation pattern into phenology models is expected to enhance predictive capabilities.…”