Phenological growth stages of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), an emerging fruit crop, according to the basic and extended BBCH scales

Abstract

Elsevier Acosta-Quezada, P.; Riofrío-Cuenca, T.; Rojas, J.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.; Prohens Tomás, J. (2016). Phenological growth stages of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), an emerging fruit crop, according to the basic and extended BBCH scale. Scientia Horticulturae. 199:216-223. doi:10.1016Horticulturae. 199:216-223. doi:10. /j.scienta.2015 The tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a small tree native to the Andean region cultivated for 18 its juicy fruits, which are having an increasing demand. Tree tomato is morphologically and 19 phenologically different from other Solanum crops and tools for the phenological description of the 20 developmental stages are needed for the enhancement of this emerging crop. We developed a basic 21 and an extended numerical BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamnt, Chemische 22 Industrie) scales which allow the precise identification of the phenological stages of tree tomato. 23 Eight principal stages are described for germination, leaf development, formation of side shoots, 24 stem elongation, inflorescence emergence, flowering, development of fruit, and ripening of fruit and 25 seed. The basic (two-digit) scale is sufficiently precise for germination, stem elongation, and 26 ripening of fruit and seed. However, for leaf development, formation of side shoots, inflorescence 27 emergence, flowering, and development of fruit the extended (three-digit) scale is considered 28 necessary for an adequate description. The description of the phenological stages is combined with 29 illustrations for clarification. The tree tomato BBCH scale has been validated by characterizing 24 30 accessions of different varietal groups for traits of agronomic interest and evaluating the differences 31 observed among accessions at specific BBCH developmental stages. The basic and extended BBCH 32 scales represent a useful tool for the description and identification of phenological scales of tree 33 tomato. These scales will be useful for the enhancement of this emerging fruit crop. 34 35

Feeding behavior, life history, and virus transmission ability of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under elevated CO2

“…Growing conditions were 24 : 20 °C (day : night); RH: 66%; photoperiod: 14 : 10 h (light : dark) with three Philips Green Power LED Production Modules Deep Red/Blue 150 on each shelf and 200 μmol/m 2 /s light intensity at canopy level. Eggplants were sown in Petri dishes, transplanted into pots at 7 d old (BBCH 7) (Acosta‐Quezada et al ., ) and tomato plants were transplanted into pots at 10 d old (BBCH 10) with a mixture of soil : vermiculite (2 : 1). After transplanting, eggplants were transferred to each of the two growth chambers set at 700 or 440 ppm for 3 weeks.…”

The impact of an extreme climatic disturbance and different fertilization treatments on plant development, phenology, and yield of two cultivar groups of Solanum betaceum Cav.

“…Plants in the open field reached the 30% of their final length a 22.67% later than plants in the greenhouse, where plants in the organic fertilization treatment were the fastest with 162 days. Plants in the field produced an average number of 30 nodes, which represents the 100% of the final length of the stem [ 22 ], thus, we measured the 30% of the final length when nine nodes were present. The maximum time needed to reach that point was between 222 and 225 days in the field (orange pointed and purple cultivar groups, respectively) and the minimum was between 119 and 148 days (orange pointed cultivar group in organic fertilization treatment and purple cultivar group in the mineral fertilization treatment, respectively).…”

“…We analysed for differences in nine variables based on the tree tomato extended BBCH scale [ 22 ], which included the days needed to: 1) reach the 30% of the final length of the stem (303); 2) first primary apical side shoot being visible (201); 3) 15 th leaf on the stem being unfolded (115a); 4) 25 or more leaves on the crown being unfolded (125b); 5) first inflorescence being visible (501); 6) first inflorescence with the first flower being opened (601); and 7–9) 10%, 50%, and 90% of the fruit showing the typical fully ripe colour (801, 805, and 809, respectively; Table 1 ). The first four traits are related with vegetative development and architecture, while the last five describe the formation of reproductive structures and the production of mature fruit.…”

“…An important tool that allows the thoughtful study of the latter effects on a single species is the existence of properly defined descriptors that characterize its agromorphology (e.g., Bioversity International descriptors), biology, and phenology in different environmental conditions (e.g., BBCH descriptors). In the case of tree tomato both types of descriptors are available [ 21 , 22 ]. Here we address two main questions: 1) how does an extreme climate disturbance affect S .…”

Thermal sum and phenological descriptions of growth stages of the common bean according to the BBCH scale

“…Several studies have been conducted using the BBCH scale to describe the phenological stages of fruits including sugar apple, Annona squamosa L. (Liu et al, ); sweet cucumber, Solanum muricatum (Herraiza et al, ); tamarillo, Solanum betaceum Cav. (Acosta‐Quezada et al, ); sapodilla, Manilkara zapota (Kishore & Mahanti, ), feijoa, Acca sellowiana Berg (Ramírez & Kallarackal, ); apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Martínez, Legua, Martínez‐Nicolás, & Melgarejo, ).…”