Phenological Growth Stages of the Cotton Plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Codification and Description according to the BBCH Scale¹

Abstract

Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the upland cotton plant is presented which provides crop‐specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions. The development process of the plant is described by periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A 2‐digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each step of development.

Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale

“…Stem elongation (stage 3) occurs simultaneously with leaf development (stage 1), formation of side shoots (stage 2), inflorescence emergence (stage 5) and flowering (stage 6), making it impossible to measure on a regular basis. Stage 3 has been previously omitted in the proposed BBCH scale of other species such as Camelina sativa (Martinelli & Galasso, ) and Gossypium hirsutum (Munger et al ., ) because in both species, stem elongation occurs parallel to leaf development (stage 1). Development of harvestable vegetative parts (stage 4) was omitted because in quinoa usually only fruits are harvested.…”

“…Development of harvestable vegetative parts (stage 4) was omitted because in quinoa usually only fruits are harvested. Similar examples can be found in the BBCH scales of C. sativa (Martinelli & Galasso, ), G. hirsutum (Munger et al ., ), Theobroma sp. (Niemenak et al ., ), Olea europaea (Sanz‐Cortés et al ., ), Diospyros kaki (García‐Carbonell et al ., ), Vitis vinifera (Lorenz et al ., ), Annona cherimola (Cautín & Agustí, ), Actinidia deliciosa (Salinero et al ., ), Mangifera indica (Hernández Delgado et al ., ) and Litchi chinensis (Wei et al ., ).…”

Dynamics of microbial population size in rhizosphere soil of Monsanto's Cry1Ac cotton

“…Sampling occurred at six developmental stages in 2011, namely seedling, budding, full flowering, bolling, boll opening and senescence, as described by Munger et al (1998). Five plants were removed from the soil in a plot.…”

Harmonic amplitude-terms mask to highlight agriculture in the savanna domain below the Brazilian Amazonian frontier

“…According to its cycle, water availability for cotton must be between 700 and 1300 mm; more than half of this water is needed in the blooming period (EMBRAPA 2003). The main phenological stages of cotton are seedling emergence, vegetative growth and reproductive growth; the scale used is a decimal code system to define the principal growth stage (Munger et al 1998).…”