Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal native from the Andean region of South America that has increased in importance worldwide. Quinoa is now considered an alternative to traditional crops in a climate change scenario, considering its ability to adapt to marginal soils, droughts and frosts. Despite the interesting agronomic and nutritional features of this crop, research into quinoa is characterised by individual attempts to define its phenological stages without an international consensus. A unique criterion to quantify the phenology of quinoa could become a useful tool for researchers and plant breeders in future work by standardising this information for international cooperation. In this article, a proposed scale of the phenological growth stages of quinoa based on the BBCH coding system (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) was developed. Growth stages were described utilising the decimal code of the BBCH system, and figures were included for the most representative stages.

No abstract

No abstract

 apresentou a mesma resposta que o polvilho azedo às variáveis de temperatura de forno e tempo de assamento, porém com valores maiores. A presença residual de grânulos intactos mostrou que a gelatinização do amido não foi completa nas condições de forneamento. O método proposto apresentou facilidade na manipulação e o tempo necessário foi apenas aquele necessário para a elaboração da pasta com água e o forneamento. Palavras-chave: Padronização; Qualidade de polvilho azedo; Amido modificado; Expansão. SummaryThe objective was to establish a method for the determination of the expansion of cassava starch and substitutes as a quality standard. Three types of cassava starch were evaluated: Fermented Cassava Starch, Expandex  and Native Starch. The samples were put directly into silicone or metal polytetrafluoroethylene moulds and baked under controlled conditions of temperature (200 or 250 °C) and time (20 or 25 minutes). The proposed method was evaluated by the repeatability of the specific volume (volume ratio:mass) and the results compared with those obtained by the traditional method, in which the ingredients were handled in boiling water, moulded into balls by hand, and subsequently baked in greased aluminium baking pans under the same conditions. The selection of the best method took into account the highest values for specific volume (cm 3 g -1) and the least variations between repetitions. For the silicon mould, the best results were obtained under the conditions of 200 °C and 25 min (8.89 cm 3 g -1 with 1.46% variability), which provided pastas sufficiently resistant to handling to allow for the taking of measurements. For the polytetrafluoroethylene moulds, the best conditions were 200 °C for 20 minutes (8.16 cm 3 g -1 with 7.59% variability). The sample Expandex  showed the same response as cassava starch to the variables of oven temperature and baking time, but showed higher values. The presence of residual intact granules showed that gelatinization of the starch was not completed under the baking conditions used. The proposed method showed ease of handling and the time required was just that necessary to knead the dough with water and bake it.