Phenolic predictors for Norway spruce resistance to the bark beetle<i>Ips typographus</i>(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and an associated fungus,<i>Ceratocystis polonica</i>

Brignolas, Franck; Lieutier, François; Sauvard, Daniel; Christiansen, Erik; Berryman, Alan A.

doi:10.1139/x98-037

Cited by 65 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In response to fungal infection, conifers develop necrotic phloem lesions by impregnating affected tissues with resin, increasing monoterpene levels and changing the composition of phenols in the secondary phloem (Lieutier et al 1996;Novak et al 2014). In various inoculation experiments, resistant and more susceptible spruce clones were shown to differ in the stimulation of metabolic pathways leading to particular phenolic monomers after wounding and fungal attack (Brignolas et al 1995(Brignolas et al , 1998.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trees that are more resistant show significantly higher terpene levels following inoculation of E. polonica in the dark coloured zone around the entrance hole penetrated by fungal hyphae (Zhao et al 2011). Concentrations and composition of particular phenols can even predict Norway spruce resistance to inoculation of E. polonica as shown by Brignolas et al (1995Brignolas et al ( , 1998. Interestingly, pre-treatment of spruce trees with this blue-stain fungus can itself enhance defence capacities via the formation of traumatic resin ducts and activation of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (Krokene et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Netherer¹,

Ehn²,

Blackwell³

et al. 2016

Forestry Journal

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We performed an inoculation experiment using the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica at the Rosalia Roof study site, which was set up to study drought effects on Norway spruce susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Tree resistance parameters such as resin flow rate and extent of hypersensitive wound reaction in the phloem were investigated prior to and after fungal infection. Sample trees with different drought treatments (trees fully covered or semi-covered by roofs, control trees) were inoculated with E. polonica in July 2014. In order to check for areas of phloem necrosis, the outer bark around the inoculation holes was scratched off 6 weeks later. We recorded the amount of resin exudation within 12 hours overnight in August and September 2013 and 2014. Although wound reaction zones did not differ in size between tree collectives of the various treatments, fully covered trees tended to exhibit larger necrotic areas compared to control trees. The least water supplied trees showed lowest resin flow rates prior to fungal inoculation, but were the only group to show significantly enhanced resin flow five weeks after the evaluation of defence reactions. Our results agree with earlier findings that wounding and few fungal inoculations can increase tree resistance in the medium term given not too severe water stress. Further investigations will clarify how water stress affects the availability of non-structural carbohydrates for secondary metabolism, when depletion of resources eventually occurs, and at which point trees are most susceptible to bark beetle attack.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Netherer¹,

Ehn²,

Blackwell³

et al. 2016

Forestry Journal

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show abstract

“…For instance, if resistance is chemically based, concentrations of allelochemicals could potentially provide a diagnostic characterization of resistant germplasm. Metabolic profiling can predict levels of plant resistance to insects (Brennan et al, 1992;Brignolas et al, 1998;see Smith, 2005), thereby aiding plant breeders in improving the resistance levels of selected cultivars (Andersson et al, 1980;Hedin et al, 1991). Concentrations of isochlorogenic acid in roots of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., predict resistance levels to the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius L. (Cole, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific Variation in Aphid Resistance and Constitutive Phenolics Exhibited by the Wild Blueberry Vaccinium darrowi

et al. 2007

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Illinoia pepperi (MacGillivray) infests cultivated highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L., in the Northeastern United States. Allopatric resistance to I. pepperi was examined in Vaccinium darrowi Camp, which evolved in the absence of I. pepperi in the Southeastern U.S. V. corymbosum cv. "Elliott", was used as a susceptible control. Between population variability in I. pepperi resistance was assessed by measuring length of the prereproductive period, fecundity, and survivorship on 14 V. darrowi accessions representing 11 discrete wild populations. Length of I. pepperi's prereproductive period and survivorship were not significantly affected. However, differences were detected in fecundity and the intrinsic rate of increase (r m ). Within population variability in resistance was measured by confining first instars to 24 accessions from a single wild population of V. darrowi (NJ88-06). Significant differences in the mean total number of aphids occurring after 20 d were only detected between 2 of the 24 V. darrowi accessions. A greater degree of diversity in I. pepperi resistance exists between populations of V. darrowi compared to within a population. Constitutive leaf and stem polyphenolics were identified by HPLC-MS and quantified from 14 of the V. darrowi accessions. The accessions varied in concentrations of five phenolic acids and seven flavonol glycosides, but a correlation was not found between individual or total phenolics and aphid performance. Overall, screening within and between populations of V. darrowi identified promising sources of aphid resistance, but phenolic acid and flavonol glycoside profiles did not predict resistance levels. The mechanism of resistance remains to be identified.

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“…Sometimes, the percentage of dead phloem or cambium was also used (Krokene and Solheim, 1998). The same methods have also often been used to compare the resistance level of different trees to the same fungus or the effect of a treatment on tree resistance (Brignolas et al, 1998;Christiansen and Glosli, 1996;Sallé et al, 2008;Solheim et al, 1993, among others) since the critical threshold of inoculation density depends on genetic and environmental factors affecting the trees' level of resistance. Critical thresholds of inoculation density have been determined for various fungi.…”

Section: Definition and Quantification Of Beetle Aggressiveness And Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

2009

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Keywords:pathogen / forest tree / physiological stress / blue stain fungi / host resistance Abstract • Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable.• After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal pathogenicity to demonstrate the role of Ophiostomatoid fungi in beetle establishment on host trees.• We demonstrate that fungal pathogenicity is not the right parameter to appreciate the role of fungus in beetle establishment on host trees. We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing.(i) Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood.(ii) We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion.• We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance).• Considering the origin of the bark beetle fungus associations attacking living trees and their general functioning based on stimulation of tree defenses, we develop three hypotheses:(i) any beetle species would be helped in its establishment in a given tree species by developing an association, even loosely, with a fungus species belonging to the Ophiostomatoid flora of that tree species; (ii) the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. This association can be completed by antagonistic fungal species controlling extension of the previous fungal species in the tree tissues; (iii) Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1-to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2-to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3-to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. Bringing nutrients to the beetle progeny can be a fourth role.• We propose that bark beetle -Ophiostomatoid associations can be categorized, based on associations' frequency and complexity while taking into account beetle aggressiveness. We show...

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Phenolic predictors for Norway spruce resistance to the bark beetleIps typographus(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and an associated fungus,Ceratocystis polonica

Cited by 65 publications

References 13 publications

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Intraspecific Variation in Aphid Resistance and Constitutive Phenolics Exhibited by the Wild Blueberry Vaccinium darrowi

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

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