Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Stem and Their Evaluation Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Profile

Abstract

The black mulberry (Morus nigra) plant has been widely developed for its bioactivity as natural medicine. This study evaluated plant extracts' total phenolic and flavonoid content and their correlation to M. nigra stem's antioxidant activity and toxicity. Dry powder from the M. nigra stem was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol to obtain a thick extract (TE) and fractionated using hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), and ethanol-aqueous (EF). The samples were analyzed for a compound using reagents and the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The samples were evaluated for antioxidant activity using several parameters and their cytotoxic effects using the BSLT method. Identification of compounds in EAF was confirmed to contain phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. EAF showed higher phenolic and flavonoid content than others. The evaluation of antioxidant activity showed that extracts and fractions from M. nigra stems showed the ability to reduce ions and free radicals. EF sample has activity in reducing Mo (IV) ion by TAC method of 98.82±0.53 µM/mg, indicating substantial antioxidant capacity. In addition, EAF samples showed potential activity in reducing DPPH, hydroxyl, and peroxide radicals in the β-carotene bleaching method with IC50 values of 12.13, 42.06, and 57.6 µg/mL, respectively. Similar activity was also seen in the cytotoxic effect of a robust EAF sample with an LC50 value of 16.31 µg/mL. The results show that EAF can be developed as a raw material for traditional medicine as an antioxidant and anticancer candidate with a significant flavonoid and phenolics content.

Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Leaves and Stem Bark

“…Then, 1 mL of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution was added followed by the addition of distilled water to make up to 5 mL. 22 The mixture was vortexed until it became homogeneous and then incubated in a dark room at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of the resulting mixture was measured at 671 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.…”

“…Then, 1 mL of DPPH in methanol were added to the standard and sample solutions up to a final volume of 5 mL. 22 The mixture was vortexed for 10 sec and incubated at room temperature (25°C) for 30 min in the dark. The absorbance was measured at 515 nm.…”

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT BERBAGAI BAGIAN TANAMAN KESAMBI (Schleichera oleosa L.) DENGAN METODE DPPH

“…Pembuatan Larutan DPPH 0,4 mM DPPH kristal ditimbang sebanyak 0,0157 g dilarutkan dengan etanol absolut dalam labu tertukur dan dicukupkan volumenya hingga 100 ml. 20…”

“…DPPH merupakan radikal sintetik yang larut dalam pelarut polar seperti metanol dan etanol yang bersifat stabil dan dapat diukur intensitasnya pada panjang gelombang 515 nm. 20 Vis sehingga akan diketahui nilai aktivitas peredaman radikal bebas yang dinyatakan dengan nilai IC50. 26 Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etil asetat berbagai bagian tanaman kesambi (Gambar 1) menunjukkan sampel akar, kulit batang dan daun memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan kategori sangat kuat dengan IC50 masing-masing 43,42; 14,36 dan 5,49 µg/mL, sedangkan sampel daging dan kulit buah memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kategori lemah dengan IC50 masing-masing 167,29 dan 159,88 µg/mL.…”

Uji Efektivitas Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Mangkokan Terhadap Tikus Jantan Putih

“…Senyawa fenolik alami terbesar yang terkandung di berbagai bagian tanaman adalah flavonoid. Antioksidan, mencegah inflamasi, mencegah hepatotoksik, anti tumor, anti mikroba, anti ulser, anti artritik, anti angiogenik, mencegah kanker dan berbagai aktivitas lainnya merupakan aktivitas biologis dari flavonoid (Nur et al, 2020).…”