Phenol-formaldehyde resol resins studied by13C-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry

Holopainen, Timo; Alvila, Leila; Rainio, Jouni; Pakkanen, Tuula T.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19971107)66:6<1183::aid-app18>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 72 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…, the relatively low‐intensity peak at 39.8–40.2 ppm in the spectrum of the phenolic resin corresponded to the phenol para / para ‐connected methylene carbon ( p , p ‐Ph–CH 2 –Ph); there were no peaks detected at 29–30 or 34–36 ppm, suggesting the complete absence of both the phenol ortho / ortho ‐ ( o,o ‐Ph–CH 2 –Ph) and phenol para / ortho ‐methylene carbon ( o,p ‐Ph–CH 2 –Ph), respectively, in the phenolic resin. There are some differences in these results compared to those obtained by Holopainen et al, who concluded that p , p ‐Ph–CH 2 –Ph and o,p ‐Ph–CH 2 –Ph groups were present in phenolic resin . This difference can be attributed to the resin synthesis temperature employed; the study conducted by Timo Holopainen used a temperature of 80°C, while the present experiment used a temperature of 75°C, with mainly p , p ‐Ph‐CH 2 ‐Ph produced at this lower temperature.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…Initial F/P value is an important factor influencing the properties of the phenolic resin . Astarloa‐Aierbe et al studied the effects of different F/P ratios on the synthesis of phenolic resins ; their results indicated that the concentration of residual formaldehyde and phenol relied on both the initial F/P value and catalytic loading and that, with an increase in the F/P molar ratio, the bridging bonds between hydroxymethyl groups and benzene rings (methylene and ether) increased as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of formaldehyde/phenol ratio (F/P) on the properties of phenolic resins and foams synthesized at room temperature

Zhao

Cheng

2014

Polymer Composites

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Six types of phenolic foaming resins were synthesized at room temperature with different formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) ratios in this study. The effects of F/P ratios on physicochemical characteristics and foaming properties of the resulting resins were analyzed based on viscosity, solids content, hydroxymethyl index, residual monomer content, molecular structure of the foaming resin, flame retardancy, and foam compression strength measurements. The results of the present study indicated that viscosity and solids content of the foaming resins increased with an increase in F/P; the hydroxymethyl index of the resin first increased and then decreased with an increase in F/P, reaching its maximum at F/P = 1.6; the trimer, tetramer, and pentamer contents of the resins increased with an increase in F/P. Nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectral analysis indicated that the presence of para/para‐methylene, para‐hydroxymethyl, and ortho‐hydroxymethyl groups in the resin gradually increased with an increase in F/P; the proportions of ortho/ortho‐ and ortho/para‐methylene bonds of the resin increased as F/P was increased. The increase in F/P was demonstrated to be conducive to improving the compression strength, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of the phenolic foam and reducing its peak heat release rate and total smoke release. The morphology of phenolic foams show that the closed cell content in the PF foam increases with the F/P ratio until it reaches a ratio of 1.6. Furthermore, the cell size becomes more uniform. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1531–1540, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of formaldehyde/phenol ratio (F/P) on the properties of phenolic resins and foams synthesized at room temperature

Zhao

Cheng

2014

Polymer Composites

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“…8d. It seems that the small shear forces exerted on PheMMT agglomerates during polymerization are able to overcome the attraction forces between the layers due to the weak forces that stack them together [9, 45], thus exfoliating the smaller stacks. Thereby, Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

López

Blanco

Martín

et al. 2011

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The effects on clay exfoliation of organic modification of montmorillonite (MMT) and the nature of the catalyst used during the synthesis and curing of a MMT modified phenolic resol resin were investigated. The impact on the final properties of other parameters such as reactivity ratio and temperature of condensation were also analyzed in order to optimize the conditions to prepare a customized organoclay-based nanocomposite. Nanocomposites were analyzed by means of wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), optical microscopy (TOM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques.

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“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The kinetic analysis of DSC thermograms gives dynamic information during curing because it provides the quantitative heat flow associated with the polymerization process. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The kinetic analysis of DSC thermograms gives dynamic information during curing because it provides the quantitative heat flow associated with the polymerization process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The kinetic analysis of DSC thermograms gives dynamic information during curing because it provides the quantitative heat flow associated with the polymerization process. 9 The kinetics of complex processes such as the curing reaction for PF can be described by model-free kinetics. These peaks have been interpreted using the structural information provided by nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin mixed with wood preservatives

Miyazaki

Furuta

Miyauchi

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effects of preservatives used for glue-line treatment on the curing of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Storage modulus, G 0 , loss modulus, G 00 , and loss tangent, tan d, of PF with and without preservatives were recorded as a function of time under isothermal heating. The time required for G 0 , G 00 , and tan d to reach steady values increased with addition of preservative. The G 0 , G 00 , and tan d curves of PF containing benzyl alcohol (used in the preservative as a diluent) were almost identical to those of PF containing preservative. However, the addition of antitermite and anti-fungal compounds alone had no effect on the curing process. There were no differences in total reaction enthalpy or dependence of activation energy on degree of conversion between pure PF and mixtures. Our results indicate that benzyl alcohol in preservatives plasticizes the curing system for PF.

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Phenol-formaldehyde resol resins studied by13C-NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of formaldehyde/phenol ratio (F/P) on the properties of phenolic resins and foams synthesized at room temperature

Effect of formaldehyde/phenol ratio (F/P) on the properties of phenolic resins and foams synthesized at room temperature

Influence of cure conditions on properties of resol/layered silicate nanocomposites

Curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin mixed with wood preservatives

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