“…3, suppose the source QPSK signal at z = 0 is described as S (0, t) = S (t) = A s exp [j (2πf c t + φ QP SKs )], where A s is the amplitude, f c is the center frequency, φ QP SKs is the QPSK phase and φ QP SKs ∈ {π/4, 3π/4, −3π/4, −π/4}. A degenerate FWM (DFWM) process [32] is stimulated by amplifying S (0, t) through an Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) over an HNLF fed with an input pump…”