Phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography: simultaneous imaging of in situ tissue structure, blood flow velocity, standard deviation, birefringence, and Stokes vectors in human skin

Abstract

We describe a phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography system that can simultaneously yieldin situ images of tissue structure, blood flow velocity, standard deviation, birefringence, and the Stokes vectors in human skin. Multifunctional images were obtained by processing of analytical interference fringe signals derived from two perpendicular polarization-detection channels. The blood flow velocity and standard deviation images were obtained by comparison of the phases from pairs of analytical signals in neighboring A-lines in the same polarization state. The analytical signals from two polarization-diversity detection channels were used to determine the four Stokes vectors for four reference polarization states. From the four Stokes vectors, the birefringence image, which is not sensitive to the orientation of the optical axis in the sample, was obtained. Multifunctional in situ images of a port wine stain birthmark in human skin are presented.

Impact of velocity distribution assumption on simplified laser speckle imaging equation

“…2 into Eq. 1 yields [5]: (3) Briers et al [22] performed a similar analysis for a Gaussian velocity distribution assumption, obtaining: (4) We postulate that Briers et al employed the following expression for the normalized autocorrelation function representing a Gaussian velocity distribution: (5) Substitution of Eq 5 into Eq. 1 yields Eq 4.…”

“…Since blood flow is tightly coupled into the health status of biological tissue, several instruments have been developed to monitor blood flow and perfusion dynamics, including laser Doppler flowmetry [1,2] and Doppler optical coherence tomography [3,4].…”

A Review of Algorithms for Segmentation of Retinal Image Data Using Optical Coherence Tomography

“…This instrument has been applied to gastrointestinal tissues and promises to enable endoscopically based cellular imaging Aguirre et al, 2003). Doppler optical coherence tomography (Doppler OCT) is an augmentation capable of simultaneous blood flow mapping and spatially resolved imaging (Chen et al, 1997;Izatt et al, 1997;Westphal et al, 2002;Wong et al, 2002;Yazdanfar et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2000;Ding et al, 2002;Ren et al, 2002). Doppler flow measurements can be performed by measuring the Doppler shift of light scattered from blood.…”

Review of speckle and phase variance optical coherence tomography to visualize microvascular networks

“…The PV-OCT method 47,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] has been implemented to visualize the vasculature of zebrafish, 59 ocular circulation of the mouse, 60 and human retinal vasculature. 47,[61][62][63][64][65][66] This method identifies the phase difference between consecutive B-scans of the same transverse position and allows for the mapping of microvasculature, independent of the direction of flow relative to the imaging system.…”