Phase modulation at 125 kHz in a Michelson interferometer using an inexpensive piezoelectric stack driven at resonance

Hoeling, Barbara M.; Fernandez, Andrew D.; Haskell, Richard C.; Petersen, Daniel C.

doi:10.1063/1.1347375

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The design of our new 1300 nm OCM instrument is similar to the 850 nm OCM that has been described previously in three publications [2][3][4]. Here we will summarize the most important performance specifications and improvements over the old instrument.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the New 1300nm Ocm Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 88%

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

et al. 2007

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, "Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development", Proc. SPIE 6429, 64292T (2007) ABSTRACTWe present 3-dimensional volume-rendered in vivo images of developing embryos of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis taken with our new en-jace-scanning, focus-tracking OCM system at 1300 nm wavelength. Compared to our older instrument which operates at 850 nm, we measure a decrease in the attenuation coefficient by 33%, leading to a substantial improvement in depth penetration. Both instruments have motion-sensitivity capability. By evaluating the fast Fourier transform of the fringe signal, we can produce simultaneously images displaying the fringe amplitude of the backscattered light and images showing the random Brownian motion of the scatterers. We present time-lapse movies of frog gastrulation, an early event during vertebrate embryonic development in which cell movements result in the formation of three distinct layers that later give rise to the major organ systems. We show that the motion-sensitive images reveal features of the different tissue types that are not discernible in the fringe amplitude images. In particular, we observe strong diffusive motion in the vegetal (bottom) part of the frog embryo which we attribute to the Brownian motion of the yolk platelets in the endoderm.

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Section: Characteristics Of the New 1300nm Ocm Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 88%

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

et al. 2007

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“…One of the outputs of the mixer is proportional to sine, while the other one is proportional to the cosine of the interesting signal. Sometimes the method is also called Pseudo-Heterodyne Detection (PHD) (Jackson et al, 1982).To produce the phase shift instead of Laser frequency modulation it is possible to create phase shift with a cylindrical Piezoelectric, which is wrapped around one arm of the interferometer and is derived with a sinusoidal voltage (Hoeling et al, 2001). This case is called synthetic heterodyne method (Strauss, 1994).…”

Section: Phase Generated Carrier (Pgc) Homodyne Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fiber Interferometers and Their Applications

Bahrampour¹,

Tofighi²,

Bathaee³

et al. 2012

Interferometry - Research and Applications in Science and Technology

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“…Fringes are produced by oscillating the reference mirror with a small amplitude. As we described earlier, 4 our design for such a phase modulation involves attaching the reference mirror to a piezoelectric stack driven at resonance. We were able to achieve a modulation frequency of about 125 kHz, facilitating high-speed data acquisition, and we used a displacement amplitude of only 350 nm in order to preserve good depth resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved phase modulation for an en-face scanning three-dimensional optical coherence microscope

Hoeling

Peter

Petersen

et al. 2004

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We have previously described an inexpensive method for modulating the interferometer of an en-face scanning, focus-tracking, three-dimensional optical coherence microscope (OCM). In this OCM design, a reference mirror is mounted on a piezoelectric stack driven at a resonance frequency of about 100 kHz. We perform a partial discrete Fourier transform of the digitally sampled output fringe signal. In the original design, we obtained the amplitude of the backscattered light by summing the powers in the fundamental ͑1 ͒ and first harmonic ͑2 ͒ of the modulation frequency. We used the particular piezoamplitude that eliminates the effects of interferometer phase drift. However, as the reference mirror was stepped to scan at different sample depths, variations in the back-coupled reference power added noise to the fringe signal at the fundamental piezodriving frequency. We report here a technique to eliminate the effects of this piezowobble by using instead the sum of the 2 and 3 powers as a measure of the backscattered light intensity. Images acquired before and after this improvement are presented to illustrate the enhancement to image quality deep within the sample.

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Phase modulation at 125 kHz in a Michelson interferometer using an inexpensive piezoelectric stack driven at resonance

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

Optical Fiber Interferometers and Their Applications

Improved phase modulation for an en-face scanning three-dimensional optical coherence microscope

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