Improved phase modulation for an <i>en-face</i> scanning three-dimensional optical coherence microscope

Hoeling, Barbara M.; Peter, Mary E.; Petersen, Daniel C.; Haskell, Richard C.

doi:10.1063/1.1790555

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The design of our new 1300 nm OCM instrument is similar to the 850 nm OCM that has been described previously in three publications [2][3][4]. Here we will summarize the most important performance specifications and improvements over the old instrument.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the New 1300nm Ocm Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 87%

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

et al. 2007

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, "Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development", Proc. SPIE 6429, 64292T (2007) ABSTRACTWe present 3-dimensional volume-rendered in vivo images of developing embryos of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis taken with our new en-jace-scanning, focus-tracking OCM system at 1300 nm wavelength. Compared to our older instrument which operates at 850 nm, we measure a decrease in the attenuation coefficient by 33%, leading to a substantial improvement in depth penetration. Both instruments have motion-sensitivity capability. By evaluating the fast Fourier transform of the fringe signal, we can produce simultaneously images displaying the fringe amplitude of the backscattered light and images showing the random Brownian motion of the scatterers. We present time-lapse movies of frog gastrulation, an early event during vertebrate embryonic development in which cell movements result in the formation of three distinct layers that later give rise to the major organ systems. We show that the motion-sensitive images reveal features of the different tissue types that are not discernible in the fringe amplitude images. In particular, we observe strong diffusive motion in the vegetal (bottom) part of the frog embryo which we attribute to the Brownian motion of the yolk platelets in the endoderm.

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Section: Characteristics Of the New 1300nm Ocm Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 87%

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

et al. 2007

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“…(3) starting with Mandel's Eq. (19), focusing particular attention on the beat noise term, the last term in our Eq. (3).…”

Section: Beat Noise In a Michelson Interferometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of the instrument have been described previously. 13,18,19 The equal-path-length position in the sample arm was kept 3 mm above the surface of the mirror, so that all light returned from the sample arm came from outside the coherence volume. (We show in Appendix C of this paper that the expected noise is the same regardless of whether the backscattered light in the sample arm comes from a single mirror surface or from multiple scatterers outside the coherence volume.)…”

Section: Beat Noise In a Michelson Interferometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of beat noise in limiting the sensitivity of optical coherence tomography

et al. 2006

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The sensitivity and dynamic range of optical coherence tomography (OCT) are calculated for instruments utilizing two common interferometer configurations and detection schemes. Previous researchers recognized that the performance of dual-balanced OCT instruments is severely limited by beat noise, which is generated by incoherent light backscattered from the sample. However, beat noise has been ignored in previous calculations of Michelson OCT performance. Our measurements of instrument noise confirm the presence of beat noise even in a simple Michelson interferometer configuration with a single photodetector. Including this noise, we calculate the dynamic range as a function of OCT light source power, and find that instruments employing balanced interferometers and balanced detectors can achieve a sensitivity up to six times greater than those based on a simple Michelson interferometer, thereby boosting image acquisition speed by the same factor for equal image quality. However, this advantage of balanced systems is degraded for source powers greater than a few milliwatts. We trace the concept of beat noise back to an earlier paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52, 1335 (1962)].

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“…The use of these particular harmonics eliminates the effects of piezo "wobble" which are found almost exclusively in the fundamental frequency [6]. In addition, the modulation amplitude of 1.2 fringes renders this measure of the fringe amplitude insensitive to slow, thermal phase drifts in the interferometer [4].…”

Section: B Fringesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The design principles of our OCM (Fig. 1) and many of the instrumental details are described in three publications [4][5][6]. We will summarize here the most critical performance specifications and design features.…”

Section: Ocm Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing early frog development with motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscopy

Haskell

Williams

Petersen

et al.

The 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

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Abstract-A motion-sensitive en-face-scanning 3-D optical coherence microscope (OCM) has been designed and constructed to study critical events in the early development of plants and animals. We describe the OCM instrument and present time-lapse movies of frog gastrulation, an early developmental event in which three distinct tissue layers are established that later give rise to all major organ systems. OCM images constructed with fringe-amplitude data show the mesendoderm migrating up along the blastocoel roof, thus forming the inner two tissue layers. Motion-sigma data, measuring the random motion of scatterers, is used to construct complementary images that indicate the presence of Brownian motion in the yolk cells of the endoderm. This random motion provides additional intrinsic contrast that helps to distinguish different tissue types. Depth penetration at 850 nm is sufficient for studies of the outer ectoderm layer, but is not quite adequate for detailed study of the blastocoel floor, about 500 to 800 µm deep into the embryo. However, we measure the optical attenuation of these embryos to be about 35% less at 1310 nm. 2-D OCT images at 1310 nm are presented that promise sufficient depth penetration to test current models of cell movement near the blastocoel floor during gastrulation. #

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Improved phase modulation for an en-face scanning three-dimensional optical coherence microscope

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

Motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscope operating at 1300 nm for the visualization of early frog development

Role of beat noise in limiting the sensitivity of optical coherence tomography

Visualizing early frog development with motion-sensitive 3-D optical coherence microscopy

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