Phase diagram ofLixC6

Solid-State Electrochemistry of the Li Single Wall Carbon Nanotube System

“…No voltage plateau was observed in the charge-discharge curves, indicating the absence of a staging mechanism via well-defined interstitial sites traditionally observed for alkali metal doping of graphite or polyacetylene. 1,2,5 There is no well-defined intercalation or deintercalation potential for Li into SWNT ropes; rather, insertion and removal proceed over a wide range of potentials, leading to steep voltage profiles similar to those of electrochemical capacitors. A large hysteresis was observed between charge and discharge; most of the Li was inserted below 0.25 V, while it was removed almost uniformly between 0 and 3 V. Such a large hysteresis was previously reported for ballmilled graphite, 19 balledmilled sugars, 21 and soft carbons containing substantial hydrogen.…”

“…Therefore, electrochemical doping has been used extensively to study the properties of carbon guest-host systems. In situ X-ray diffraction and electrochemical doping were used to study the phase diagram of Li x C 6 graphite, 1 phase transitions in Li-doped polyacetylene 2 and the structure of Li-doped solid C 60 . 3 In situ resistivity measurements were used to study the electronic transport properties of K-and Na-doped polyacetylene.…”

Single-walled carbon nanotubes in superacid: X-ray and calorimetric evidence for partly orderedH2SO4

“…The general phenomenon of solvated intercalates is well known in graphite intercalation compounds. 12 Most striking in Fig. 1͑b͒ is the strongly enhanced and anisotropic 2D scattering from the acid.…”

Li Intercalation into Graphite: Direct Optical Imaging and Cahn–Hilliard Reaction Dynamics

“…Only two phases (2 and 1 for x>0.5 in LixC6) exist simultaneously in the equilibrium phase diagram. 18 As the phase boundaries propagate towards the disk center, green phase 3 disappears first, followed by stage 2, leaving only stage 1.…”

“…The GIC undergoes first order phase transitions through a sequence of dilute stage 1', stage 4, stage 3, stage 2 and finally stage 1 17,18 .…”