Phase behavior of beta hydroxy-acids with laureth 4

Beta‐Hydroxy Acids from a Formulation Point of View

“…This change is the important characteristic for the discussion at hand; the remaining features are not essential to the same degree and the ones between malic and tartaric acid have been analyzed previously. [12] Hence, the present description of the diagrams will be limited to a general discussion of the features. A path from the water corner following a straight line to the final composition of equal amounts of acid and surfactant is a useful approach to gain significant information about the different parts of the diagram.…”

Some non-equilibrium phenomena in the malic acid/water/Polysorbate 81 system

“…A system with malic acid was chosen, because of the acid belonging to the group called fruit acids. These acids, of which hydroxy carboxylic acids are members, are well known for their beneficial action on skin (Al-Bawab et al, 2002, 2004aAl-Bawab and Friberg, 2004b;Al-Bawab, 2006;Friberg et al, 1998;Friberg and Al-Bawab, 2006;Huber and Christoffers, 1977) and their colloidal and macroscopic dispersions have a wide commercial use (Robert et al, 1980;Cannon, 1997;Kaselionis, 1988;Kligman et al, 1996;Roeding and Artman, 1996). The applications are almost exclusively topical and as a consequence the subsequent evaporation process may give rise to non-equilibrium conditions.…”