Some non-equilibrium phenomena in the malic acid/water/Polysorbate 81 system

Bawab, Abeer Al; Friberg, Stig E.; Bergamaschi, Mateus M.; Santos, Orlando David Henrique dos

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.040

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Malic acid (MA), a sort of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) found in fruits and many vegetables, has been commonly used in cosmetics and chemical peeling agents [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Malic acid is used for light-damaged or dry skin, and acne [ 3 ]. Over 50 cosmetic formulations across a range of products have contained MA [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triggering Apoptotic Death of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Malic Acid: Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Hsiao

Lai

Wu³

et al. 2015

Toxins

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Malic acid (MA) has been commonly used in cosmetic products, but the safety reports in skin are sparse. To investigate the biological effects of MA in human skin keratinocytes, we investigated the potential cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of MA in human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT). The data showed that MA induced apoptosis based on the observations of DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and sub-G1 phase in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Flow cytometric assays also showed that MA increased the production of mitochondrial superoxide (mito-SOX) but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analysis of bioenergetics function with the XF 24 analyzer Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer demonstrated that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly decreased whereas extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was increased in MA-treated keratinocytes. The occurrence of apoptosis was proved by the increased expressions of FasL, Fas, Bax, Bid, caspases-3, -8, -9, cytochrome c, and the declined expressions of Bcl-2, PARP. MA also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, and ATF6α. We demonstrated that MA had anti-proliferative effect in HaCaT cell through the inhibition of cell cycle progression at G0/G1, and the induction of programmed cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondria-dependent pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triggering Apoptotic Death of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Malic Acid: Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Hsiao

Lai

Wu³

et al. 2015

Toxins

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“…It should be understood that the reduction in the total height with time is not the outcome of evaporation; it is a consequence of the high density of the acid and of the solid solution of water in the acid. These determinations were not finalized, since earlier investigations of Malic acid [18] left more detailed information about such transport.…”

Section: Water/salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of this obvious importance, fundamental investigations into the nonequilibrium conditions are rather sparse with the exception of Neogi's pioneering contributions [13][14][15][16][17] and of the pharmaceutically oriented contribution by Al-Bawab. [18] Of pronounced importance, albeit more indirectly, is the large and advanced literature on spontaneous emulsification. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] A special and highly vital case of nonequilibrium conditions is found in the evaporation of emulsions, in which area the Hull group held an undisputed lead researching initial evaporation conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interphase Transport in a Salicylic Acid Emulsion

Chen

Friberg

et al. 2011

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology

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Selected pairs of phases in the system, not in equilibrium, were brought into contact and the transport between them was evaluated from the changes in volumes with time. The results showed the rate determining factors to be the extremely slow absorption of compounds into the solid acid layer and of water into the surfactant inverse micellar solution. The former factor was referred to the protracted process of modifying the crystalline structure and the latter to the minute diffusion coefficient of the inverse micelles. In the same manner the contact between the lamellar phase liquid crystalline phase and a solid solution of the surfactant in the acid led to the formation of two inverse micellar solutions of different composition separated by a liquid crystalline layer instead of the expected aqueous liquid and one inverse micellar solution, which appeared first after significantly extended times. The equilibration was significantly retarded by the slow diffusion of acid molecules through one of the liquid layers.

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“…Malic acid, a type of alpha-hydroxy acid, is an organic acid that is used in many areas from food to cosmetics. It is a known fact that more than fifty cosmetic products contain malic acid [10,11]. Recent studies have shown that keratin-malate supplementation can be used as a performance-enhancing agent and increases the physical performance of athletes [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticarcinogenic properties of malic acid on glioblastoma cell line through necrotic cell death mechanism

Arslan

2021

MANAS Journal of Engineering

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This study aimed to investigate the anticarcinogenic and genotoxic damage potentials of malic acid on human fibroblast cells (HDFa) and glioblastoma (U87-MG) cell lines. MTT cell viability and LDH release assays were performed to understand cytotoxic features of malic acid on different cell lines. Also, Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining was used to monitor nuclear abnormalities including micronucleus, lobbed, and notched structures. Furthermore, cellular death mechanisms behind the malic acid application were investigated via the use of flow cytometry analysis. According to cell viability analysis, malic acid showed a greater effect on U87-MG compared to HDFa cell line in terms of cytotoxicity. Similarly, chromosomal integrity assay put forth a higher number of nuclear abnormalities in U87-MG cells when compared to HDFa cell lines, and aberrations were analyzed to amplify when malic acid concentration increased. Finally, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated higher necrotic cell death in U87-MG cells than HDFa cell line. On the other hand, apoptotic cell death was the main cytotoxic mechanism against malic acid exposure in the HDFa cell line. In light of these results, it can be concluded that in higher concentrations, malic acid has an anticarcinogenic effect on glioblastoma cells via the necrotic pathway, and it also shows apoptotic properties on the fibroblast cell line. When mutagenic properties are compared, it could be understood that malic acid had a greater impact on glioblastoma cells.

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Some non-equilibrium phenomena in the malic acid/water/Polysorbate 81 system

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Triggering Apoptotic Death of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Malic Acid: Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Triggering Apoptotic Death of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes by Malic Acid: Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Interphase Transport in a Salicylic Acid Emulsion

Anticarcinogenic properties of malic acid on glioblastoma cell line through necrotic cell death mechanism

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