Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: an update

Abstract

Objective: To review the options for acute and maintenance pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, including the treatment of bipolar depression and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Narrative review of randomized clinical trials and open-label studies published from 2000 to 2012. The PubMed and PsycINFO websites were queried. Case series were included when a higher level of evidence was not available. Results: Published data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in acute mania/hypomania with significant responses are available for lithium, topiramate, risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole. Open trials of lithium and lamotrigine show that these drugs may be effective in the treatment of depressive episodes. No trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been conducted. In the treatment of comorbid ADHD, there are encouraging findings with mixed amphetamine salts and atomoxetine; conflicting results are observed with methylphenidate. Conclusions: Published RCTs of traditional mood stabilizers are scarce, but the best available evidence (results from meta-analytic regression) suggests that second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as a group are more effective in reducing manic symptoms. Risperidone was the only one included in head-to-head comparisons (vs. lithium and divalproex), showing superiority in terms of efficacy, but with more metabolic side effects, which were also more common in most of the SGAs. There are few studies addressing the treatment of ADHD and depression. Brazilian guidelines for the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder should also include some SGAs (especially risperidone and aripiprazole) as first-line treatment, and these drugs should be provided by the public health services.

Mood disorders in childhood and adolescence

“…The major goal is to achieve mood stabilization so that the patients can achieve their optimal emotional, cognitive, and social development. 67 For a review, see Peruzzolo et al 68 Even though short-term clinical trials have been increasing in number, current algorithms lack evidencebased data for many facets of PBD, such as bipolar depression, or absence of response to other agents. Moreover, the full impact of long-term use of the medications used to treat these children and adolescents has not been determined.…”

Longitudinal course and characteristics of cyclothymic disorder in youth

“…Being able to predict the expected trajectory of a youth with significant mood problems is valuable; youth with bipolar disorder usually require pharmacological intervention to manage their symptoms, but the medications prescribed can have significant side effects (Lauxen Peruzzolo et al, 2013). However, some youth who experience significant mood lability may outgrow it (Birmaher et al, 2009; Cicero et al, 2009); if we were able to predict these cases, a more conservative approach to treatment could be taken.…”

BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and peripheral protein levels in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

“…Furthermore, high comorbidity rates are found in PBD, especially with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ranging from 25-98% in clinical samples. The comorbidity determines worse functional outcome and even worse response to treatment (4,5).…”