Pharmacological Importance of Simple Phenolic Compounds on Inflammation, Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis with a Special Reference to β-D-Salicin and Hydroxybenzoic Acid

Abstract

Simple phenolic (SP) compounds are natural products that exhibit multiple pharmacological functions. The best known of these compounds is β-D-salicin, the first discovered phenolic glycoside and salicylic acid, or 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HBA). Both of these compounds have attracted the interest of scientists in various interdisciplinary fields, including chemistry, pharmacology and medicine. Although β-D-salicin is found in various plants, it is often associated with willow, as it was first discovered in this species of plant. While the presence of glucose in β-D-salicin improves the physicochemical properties of the benzyl moiety, β-D-salicin itself does not have anti-inflammatory or anti-proliferative activity until it is metabolised into 2-HBA in the gastrointestinal tract and blood stream. Likewise, the majority of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid (2-ABA), or acetoxysalicylic acid also undergoes metabolic hydrolysis into 2-HBA. 2-HBA has been shown to play a role in modulating both inflammation and cancer partly through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It is now clear that 2-HBA most likely acts on the transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates the transcription of COX-2 thereby suppressing inflammation and cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Other phenolates, also exhibit anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation activities like the 4-hydroxybenzoate zinc (4-HBZn) complex, which was previously shown to preferentially inhibit COX-2 compared to 2-HBA and ASA. This review aims to collect all the available information related to β-D-salicin and other SP compounds in order to promote a new perspective of this interesting class of compounds and encourage further research into their pharmacological and clinical properties.

The Effect of Hydroxybenzoate Lithium Complexes in Inducing Apoptosis in HT-1080 Human Fibrosarcoma Cells

“…In this respect, the reactivity of these molecules derives from their functional groups (mainly carboxylic), which is influenced by substituted hydroxyl groups at 2-, 3-, and 4-positions. Our previous research indicated that 4-HBZn selectively inhibited COX-2 and its transcription compared to ASA [6]. These complexes exhibited different cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in HT-1080 cells, suggesting different environments of interaction, and hence exhibit different efficacy.…”

“…Similarly, monovalent (Na + ) and divalent (Ca 2+ ) 2-HB complexes were also found to exhibit these biological effects but at concentrations between 2 and 20 mM [6,13,14]. Generally, each organometallic complex has its own chemical/biochemical mode of interaction, particularly in terms of interactions with DNA.…”

“…These compounds exert various biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties [1][2][3]. In addition, they exhibit different physicochemical properties and interactions with the primary metabolites and display various biological properties [4][5][6]. HBAs readily interact with metal ions to form hydroxybenzoate (HB) complexes, which are more biologically effective than HBAs or the free metal ions.…”

Kazakh Ziziphora Species as Sources of Bioactive Substances

“…clinopodioides [44,80] Inhibition of mucin production and secretion in airways epithelial cells [83] Hepatoprotective [84] Potential inhibitor of CDK4 in retinoblastoma [85] Neuroprotective [86] Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [87] Anti-inflammatory [88]; Anti-inflammatory in vivo [89] Depressant effect on CNS [ [80] Effect on cardiovascular system reviewed [117] Pharmacological importance reviewed [118] O H…”

“…Rosmarinic acid (19) Z. clinopodioides [80] Review on pharmaceutical and clinical usage [113] Neuroprotective-review [114] General review on applications [115] Review on anticancer potential [116] O [80] Effect on cardiovascular system reviewed [117] Pharmacological importance reviewed [118] O H…”