Pharmacologic Evidence for Specificity of Pursuit Dysfunction to Schizophrenia

Levy, Deborah L.; Dorus, Elizabeth; Shaughnessy, Rita A.; Yasillo, N.J.; Pandey, Ghanshyam N.; Janicak, Philip G.; Gibbons, Robert D.; Gaviria, Moisés; Davis, John M.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270021002

Cited by 77 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Additionally, patients were medicated (primarily second-generation anti-psychotics), although it is unlikely that the expression of eye-movement-based memory effects(or lack thereof) was related to medication effects because reflexive saccades are intact in both medicated and unmedicated patients (39). Several reports have shown that patients with schizophrenia have impaired smooth pursuit eye movements (40), and show increased error rates on anti-saccade tasks (41-43) raising potential concerns that results might have reflected a more fundamental eye movement deficit. However, there is consistent evidence that medicated and un-medicated patients show normal saccade latency, gain, and final eye position in reflexive saccade tasks (39), and smooth pursuit deficits were not associated with eye movement effects in earlier working memory studies (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Eye Movement Monitoring to Examine Item and Relational Memory in Schizophrenia

Hannula

Ranganath

Ramsay

et al. 2010

Biological Psychiatry

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Background Patients with schizophrenia may be impaired at remembering inter-item and item-context relationships (relational memory), even when memory for items is intact. Here, we applied the novel approach of using eye movements to assess integrity of item and relational memory in schizophrenia. This method does not rely on introspection and may be more readily translated to animal models than traditional behavioral methods. Methods Sixteen healthy controls and sixteen patients were administered a scene memory task while eye movements were monitored. During testing, participants indicated whether the scenes were unchanged, contained a new item (item manipulation), had a change in item location (relational manipulation), or were new. It was predicted that memory would be disproportionately impaired when relational changes were made. Results Results confirmed that tasks were equally difficult, and showed that patients were impaired identifying all scene types. These behavioral impairments were associated with more severe disorganization and negative symptoms. Eye movement results were more specific. Both groups looked disproportionately at critical regions of repeated versus novel scenes – an effect of scene repetition. However, in contrast to predictions, patients showed equivalent eye-movement-based memory impairment whether changes were relational or item-based. Conclusions This is the first experiment to demonstrate that eye movements can be used to investigate item and relational memory in schizophrenia. The eye movement procedure was well tolerated and was more specific than behavioral measures with respect to memory impairment. Results suggest that eye movements may be of use in clinical trials and translational studies employing animal models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Eye Movement Monitoring to Examine Item and Relational Memory in Schizophrenia

Hannula

Ranganath

Ramsay

et al. 2010

Biological Psychiatry

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“…With respect to drug effects on integrity of pursuit eye tracking, antipsychotic drugs, both typical and atypical, do not produce eye tracking dysfunction [Holzman et al, 1975; for a critical review see Levy et al, 1993;Sweeney et al, 1994]. Lithium, however, appears to be an exception, in that there is evidence for its association with abnormal pursuit [Levy et al, 1985;Holzman et al, 1991]. Of decisive importance for concluding that antipsychotic drugs do not account for ETD is the appearance of ETD in large numbers of clinically unaffected relatives of schizophrenic patients, making it clear that ETD can occur in the absence of treatment with antipsychotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage of eye movement dysfunction to chromosome 6p in schizophrenia: Additional evidence

Matthysse

Holzman

Gusella

et al. 2004

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Establishing the genetics of physiological traits associated with schizophrenia may be an important first step in building a neurobiological bridge between the disease phenotype and its genetic underpinnings. One of the best known of the traits associated with schizophrenia is a disorder of smooth pursuit eye tracking (ETD), which is present in 50-80% of schizophrenia patients. ETD is more than three times more prevalent in the families of a schizophrenia patient than is schizophrenia itself. Arolt et al. [1999] estimated LOD scores for ETD of 2.85 for D6S282 and 3.70 for D6S271, two markers on 6p21.1, as well as obtaining an indication of possible linkage for schizophrenia. Our sample comprised two large families in Denmark. Markers in the region that was implicated by the study of Arolt et al. [1996, 1999] were analyzed as part of a genome scan using the "latent trait (L.T.) model" for the co-transmission of schizophrenia and ETD that we had previously fitted to segregation analysis data from Norway. We obtained a LOD score of 2.05 for D6S1017, a marker within 3 cM of the positive markers obtained by Arolt et al. [1996, 1999]. We regard our results as independent evidence supporting the findings of Arolt et al. [1996, 1999] and also as support for the L.T. model as a way of combining the traits ETD and schizophrenia.

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“…Several studies found that relatives of affective disorder patients and controls did not differ in eye tracking performance (Levy et al, 1983(Levy et al, , 1993Rosenberg et al, 1997; but see Kathmann et al, 2003). Treatment with lithium carbonate has been associated with poor eye tracking in individuals with bipolar disorder (Levy et al, 1985;Holzman et al, 1991) and in relatives who themselves were being treated for bipolar disorder (Levy et al, 1983(Levy et al, , 1985, although one study failed to show this effect (Gooding et al, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Bipolar and schizophrenic patients differ in patterns of visual motion discrimination

Chen

Levy

Sheremata

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

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Background-Since Kraepelin's early distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it has been assumed that these disorders represent two different pathophysiological processes, although they share many clinical symptoms. Previous studies showed that velocity discrimination, a sensitive psychophysiological measure of the visual motion system, is deficient in schizophrenia. Here we examined whether the motion processing impairment found in schizophrenia also occurs in bipolar disorder.

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Pharmacologic Evidence for Specificity of Pursuit Dysfunction to Schizophrenia

Cited by 77 publications

References 66 publications

Use of Eye Movement Monitoring to Examine Item and Relational Memory in Schizophrenia

Use of Eye Movement Monitoring to Examine Item and Relational Memory in Schizophrenia

Linkage of eye movement dysfunction to chromosome 6p in schizophrenia: Additional evidence

Bipolar and schizophrenic patients differ in patterns of visual motion discrimination

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