Pharmacokinetics of inhaled nanotherapeutics for pulmonary delivery

Abstract

Pulmonary delivery of lipid-based nanotherapeutics by inhalation presents an advantageous alternative to oral and intravenous routes of administration that avoids enzymatic degradation in gastrointestinal tract and hepatic first pass metabolism and also limits off-target adverse side effects upon heathy tissues. For lung-related indications, inhalation provides localized delivery in order to enhance therapeutic efficacy at the site of action. Optimization of physicochemical properties, selected drug and inhalation format can greatly influence the pharmacokinetic behavior of inhaled nanoparticle systems and their payloads. The present review analyzes a wide range of nanoparticle systems, their formulations and consequent effect on pharmacokinetic distribution of delivered active components after inhalation.

Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19

“…Furthermore, any treatment of lung injury should be performed via local intrapulmonary delivery of drugs. Inhalation or intratracheal delivery of antiinflammatory drugs, antioxidants, hormones, or other biologically active substances specifically to the lungs or even only to the deceased cells has a potential to enhance the treatment of main lung injury, to the certain extent prevent drug penetration into the systemic circulation and therefore limit possible adverse side effects upon healthy organs and tissues (135,(141)(142)(143)(144). Previously, we proposed, developed, and tested on animal models inhalation and intratracheal treatment of severe hypoxia associated with lung edema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung manifestations of cystic fibrosis by nanocarrier-based therapeutics including alphatocopherol (145), prostaglandin E2 alone (146), or in combination with siRNAs for the suppression of inflammation and lung injury (147) and other drugs (148).…”

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“…Secondly, in contrast to other routes of administration, such as oral and intramuscular injection, pulmonary inhalation takes effect rapidly ( 112 ). Thirdly, pulmonary inhalation can avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism, decrease the dosage of administration and reduce systemic side effects ( 113 ).…”