Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in red‐eared slider turtles (<i>Trachemys scripta elegans</i>) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of cefquinome (CEQ) was studied in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after single oral, intramuscular (i.m.), and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and following incubation in a 5 mg/L bath for 5 hr at 25°C. The plasma concentration of CEQ was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PK parameters were calculated based on mean CEQ concentration using WinNonlin 6.1 software. The disposition of CEQ following oral, i.m., or i.p. administration was best described by a two-compartment open model with first-order absorption. After oral, i.m., and i.p. administration, the maximum plasma concentration (C ) values were 1.52, 40.53, and 67.87 μg/ml obtained at 0.25, 0.23, and 0.35 hr, respectively, while the elimination half-life (T ) values were 4.68, 7.39, and 6.88 hr, respectively; the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were 8.61, 339.11, and 495.06 μg hr/ml, respectively. No CEQ was detected in the plasma after bath incubation. Therapeutic blood concentrations of CEQ can be achieved in the crucian carp following i.m. and i.p. administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg once every 2 days.

“…administration at 10°C (Martín, Bataglia, Hernández, Quiroz, & Cañon, ) and turtles ( T max = 3 hr) following i.m. administration (Uney et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after oral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and bath administration

Qi¹,

Wang

Yang

et al. 2018

“…Intramuscular administration of ceftazidime in C. caretta , and cefquinome in T. s. elegans , was similarly consistent with i.v. administration, with comparable durations of presumed therapeutic plasma concentrations (Stamper et al., ; Uney et al., ). Differences in elimination half‐life among species are very difficult to evaluate because t 1/2λ is an hybrid parameter that reflects not only elimination but also distribution (Toutain & Bosuet‐melou, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the pharmacokinetics of CEF have been investigated in many animal species such as pigs (Sumano, del Hevia, Ruiz, Vazquez, & Zamora, ), buffalo calves (Dardi, Sharma, & Srivastav, ), goats (Ismail,), cats (Albarellos et al., ), dogs (Rebuelto et al., ), camels (Goudah, ), and horses (Ringger et al., ). The pharmacokinetics of two other cephalosporins have been evaluated in other turtle species: ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ; Stamper et al., ) and cefquinome in red‐eared sliders ( Trachemys scripta elegans ; Uney et al., ). However, limited information exists on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs in green turtles, even though their use for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infection is frequent and necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) following intravenous and intramuscular administration at two dosages

Mapongpeng

Laovechprasit²,

Poapolathep

et al. 2018

Green sea turtles are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Adult green sea turtles face many threats, primarily from humans, including injuries from boat propellers, being caught in fishing nets, pollution, poaching, and infectious diseases. To the best of our knowledge, limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for green sea turtles. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftriaxone (CEF) in green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, following single intravenous and intramuscular administrations at two dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 96 hr. The plasma concentrations of CEF were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of CEF in the plasma were quantified up to 24 and 48 hr after i.v. and i.m. administrations at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The Cmax values of CEF were 15.43 ± 3.71 μg/ml and 43.48 ± 4.29 μg/ml at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose‐dependent fashion. The half‐life values were 2.89 ± 0.41 hr and 5.96 ± 0.26 hr at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w, respectively. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 67% and 108%, and the binding percentage of CEF to plasma protein was ranged from 20% to 29% with an average of 24.6%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break‐point and PK‐PD index (T > MIC, 0.2 μg/ml), i.m. administration of CEF at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for initiating treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in green sea turtles.

“…Accurate dosing recommendations—derived from pharmacokinetic studies—are important for the responsible and rational use of these agents in turtles (Rasmussen et al, ). Most pharmacokinetic studies have used healthy animals, which may not be representative of the hospital population of treated turtles (Corum et al, ; Giorgi, Rota, Giorgi, Capasso, & Briganti, ; Lai et al, ; Marín et al, ; Shan et al, ; Uney et al, ). Stress and blood loss from repeated sample collection in hospitalized turtles is a limitation for conducting such studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow‐bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna)

Griffioen

Lewbart

Papich

2020

Enrofloxacin is frequently administered to turtles in wildlife clinics during rehabilitation due to its wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and availability of injectable formulations. However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in chelonians presenting injured to a wildlife clinic. Thirty‐six Eastern box turtles (EBT, Terrapene carolina carolina), 23 yellow‐bellied sliders (YBS, Trachemys scripta scripta), and 13 river cooters (RC, Pseudemys concinna) received a single subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected between 0 and 240 hr postinjection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NMLE). Overall elimination half‐life (T½) was over 75 hr, and varied among species. T½ was 63 hr in EBT and 79 hr in YBS, which is longer than in previous reports. The volume of distribution (steady‐state) was 1.4 L/kg across turtle species, but highly variable—ranging from 0.4 L/kg in RC to 1.9 L/kg in YBS. Antibiotic concentrations were above a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.5 µg/ml for over 200 hr. These results indicate variable pharmacokinetic parameters for enrofloxacin among turtle species, which will help guide appropriate dosing protocols in injured turtles.