Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Carprofen in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Broodstock

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of carprofen following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral routes to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock at temperatures of 10 ± 1.5 °C. In this study, thirty-six healthy rainbow trout broodstock (body weight, 1.45 ± 0.30 kg) were used. The plasma concentrations of carprofen were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Carprofen was measured up to 192 h for IV route and 240 h for IM, and oral routes in plasma. The elimination half-life (t1/2λz) was 30.66, 46.11, and 41.08 h for IV, IM and oral routes, respectively. Carprofen for the IV route showed the total clearance of 0.02 L/h/kg and volume of distribution at steady state of 0.60 L/kg. For IM and oral routes, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.96 and 2.52 μg/mL with the time to reach Cmax of 2 and 4 h, respectively. The bioavailability was 121.89% for IM route and 78.66% for oral route. The favorable pharmacokinetic properties such as the good bioavailability and long t1/2λz for IM and oral route of carprofen suggest the possibility of its effective use for the treatment of various conditions in broodstock.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of meloxicam in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock following intravascular, intramuscular, and oral administrations

“…In this study, t 1/2ʎz of meloxicam in different administration groups ranged from 2.95 to 4.55 h, which supported previous findings in rainbow trout for ketoprofen (3.91–4.40 h, Greene et al, 2020) but was longer than found in Nile tilapia for meloxicam (1.36–1.80 h, Fredholm et al, 2016), and shorter than that reported in rainbow trout for carprofen (30.66–46.11 h, Uney et al, 2021). The short t 1/2ʎz is important to prevent drug accumulation; thus, delaying adverse effects in repeated administrations (Naidoo et al, 2008).…”

“…No local or systemic adverse effects were observed in fish after IV, IM, and oral administrations of meloxicam at a dose of 1 mg/kg. In previous studies on different fish species, no side effects have been reported after the use of single doses of NSAIDs such as meloxicam, ketoprofen, and carprofen (Chatigny et al, 2018; Fredholm et al, 2016; Greene et al, 2020; Uney et al, 2021). In goldfish, a single dose of meloxicam (5 mg/kg, IM) did not cause significant macroscopic and histopathological changes (Larouche et al, 2018).…”

“…Unlike other pharmacokinetic studies on fish (Corum et al, 2018(Corum et al, , 2019(Corum et al, , 2020, repeated blood collections were performed from the same fish. Furthermore, a similar design was used in the pharmacokinetic studies of meloxicam, ketoprofen (Fredholm et al, 2016;Greene et al, 2020), and carprofen (Uney et al, 2021) in fish. To minimize likely trauma and stress factors in fish, drug administration and blood collection were performed under anesthesia (MS-222) administered by experienced professionals.…”

“…No local or systemic adverse effects were observed in fish after IV, IM, and oral administrations of meloxicam at a dose of 1 mg/kg. In previous studies on different fish species, no side effects have been reported after the use of single doses of NSAIDs such as meloxicam, ketoprofen, F I G U R E 1 Semi-logarithmic plasma concentration-time curves of meloxicam following intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral administrations at a single dose of 1 mg/kg in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock at 11 ± 1.2°C (mean ± SD, n = 6) and carprofen (Chatigny et al, 2018;Fredholm et al, 2016;Greene et al, 2020;Uney et al, 2021). In goldfish, a single dose of meloxicam (5 mg/kg, IM) did not cause significant macroscopic and histopathological changes (Larouche et al, 2018).…”

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Enrofloxacin Following Single Oral Administration of Different Doses in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)

“…Plasma concentrations were presented as mean ± standard deviation values. This study presents the PK parameters of enrofloxacin that were calculated using mean plasma concentration values obtained after drug administration of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg doses [ 23 ]. The following formula was used to evaluate the differences in the PK parameters based on the different doses: (100 × (Value obtained following X dose−Value obtained following Y dose)/Value obtained following Y dose).…”