The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and tolerability of tolfenamic acid (TA) were determined after treating sheep with TA via different routes and doses. This crossover study was carried out with a washout period of 15 days. In the study, 16 clinically healthy sheep were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In the first group (n = 8), animals received TA by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or oral (OR) routes at 2 mg/kg. In the second group (n = 8), TA was administered intravenously to each sheep at 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg. Plasma samples were analyzed with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were used to evaluate the data. The area under the concentration-time curves (AUC ), elimination half-life (t ), and the mean residence time (MRT) significantly differed among the administration routes at 2 mg/kg of TA. Following IM, SC, and OR administrations, TA demonstrated different peak concentrations (C ) and time to reach C (T ), with a bioavailability of 163%, 127%, and 107%, respectively. The dose-normalized AUC revealed a significant difference among the dose groups; however, the relationship between dose and AUC was linear. Both t and MRT increased depending on the dose. Although the total clearance (Cl ) decreased depending on dose, the volume of distribution at steady-state (V ) increased. Tolfenamic acid indicated a long half-life and high bioavailability following IM, SC, and OR administrations at 2 mg/kg. TA exhibited linear kinetics and was well tolerated by the animals, except at 16 mg/kg. Thus, TA may be used in different routes and doses (≤8 mg/kg) in sheep; however, further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of TA during the inflammatory and painful conditions and the pharmacokinetics and safety of repeated administration in sheep.

No abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and bioavailability of danofloxacin in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at a dose of 10 mg/kg. A total of eight clinically healthy chukar partridges weighing 480 ± 45 g were used for the investigation. The study was performed in a crossover design (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) with a 15‐day washout period between two administrations in four periods. The plasma concentrations of danofloxacin were determined using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental PK parameters were also estimated. No local or systemic adverse drug effects were observed in any of the chukar partridges. The mean elimination half‐life ranged between 8.18 and 12.08 hr and differed statistically among administration routes. The mean peak plasma concentrations of danofloxacin following IM, SC, and PO administrations were 8.05, 9.58, and 3.39 μg/ml at 0.5, 1, and 4 hr, respectively. Following IM, SC, and PO administrations, the mean bioavailability was 86.33%, 134.40%, and 47.62%, respectively. The mean total clearance and volume of distribution at steady‐state following IV administration were 0.13 L hr−1 kg−1 and 0.96 L/kg, respectively. These data, including favorable PKs and the absence of adverse drug effects, suggest that danofloxacin is a useful antibiotic in chukar partridges.

No abstract

This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in red-eared slider turtle ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) following a single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of 6 mg/kg, using a two-way crossover study with 30-day washout period. Eight clinically healthy red-eared slider turtle weighing 410–600 g (mean 490 g) were used for the study. Danofloxacin concentrations were measured using the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration-time data were evaluated by a non-compartmental method. After IV administration, the elimination half-life (t 1/2ʎz ), mean residence time (MRT 0-∞ ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC 0-∞ ), volume of distribution at steady state and total body clearance in plasma were 24.17 hr, 30.64 hr, 143.31 hr· µ g/m l , 1.29 l /kg and 0.04 l /hr/kg, respectively. Following IM administration, t 1/2ʎz , MRT 0-∞ , AUC 0-∞ , peak concentration (C max ), time to reach C max , and bioavailability in plasma were 32.00 hr, 41.15 hr, 198.23 hr· µ g/m l , 8.75 µ g/m l , 1.5 hr and 139.89%, respectively. Danofloxacin has clinically superior pharmacokinetic properties, including the complete IM absorption, slow elimination and wide volume of distribution in red-eared slider turtles. However, further pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies are necessary for the treatment of diseases caused by susceptible bacteria with known minimum inhibitory concentration values in red-eared slider turtles.