Pharmacokinetic of levamisole in speckled surubimPseudoplatystoma corruscans

Pharmacokinetics of levamisole in the red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)

“…The mean t 1/2 ʎz and MRT 0–∞ were longer following the extravascular administration of levamisole than following IV administration in turtles. The T max (0.5 hr) obtained following IM and SC administrations of levamisole was similar to that previously reported in fish (0.5 hr, IM, 27°C, Zanon et al., ), whereas it was longer than that reported in some mammalian species (0.05–0.37 hr, IM‐SC, Galtier et al., ; García et al., ; Sahagún et al., ). Turtles are ectothermic animals, and their cardiac output and tissue perfusion rate vary depending on the ambient temperature—decreased ambient temperature decreases the tissue perfusion rate (Kik & Mitchell, ), whereas increased ambient temperature increases the tissue perfusion rate (Hochscheid, Bentivegna, & Speakman, ).…”

“…The mean C max following IM and SC administrations of levamisole at a dose of 10 mg/kg in turtles (9.63–10.51 μg/ml) was higher than that previously reported in sheep (3.43 μg/ml, 10 mg/kg, IM, Fernández, García, Sierra, Diez, & Terán, ), fish (12.79 μg/ml, 50 mg/kg, IM, Zanon et al., ), rabbits (5.39 μg/ml, 20 mg/kg, SC, García et al., ), and goats (1.17 μg/ml, 7.5 mg/kg, SC, Sahagún et al., ). This sizeable difference in C max of levamisole in turtles is unlikely to be attributable to differences in the assay for determining levamisole concentrations.…”

“…Levamisole can be used as an antinematodal agent in turtles (Flanagan, ; Lafebre, Martelli, & Murray, ). Although literature review revealed pharmacokinetic studies on the use of levamisole in rabbits (García, Diez, Sierra, & Terán, ; Villanueva et al., ), sheep (Fernández, García, Sierra, Diez, & Terán, ), goats (Sahagún et al., ), broiler chickens (El‐Kholy, Kemppainen, Ravis, & Hoerr, ), and fish (Zanon, Cerozi, Silva, & Cyrino, ), no study was found on its use in reptiles, including turtles. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of levamisole following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at a dose of 10 mg/kg in red‐eared slider turtles.…”

“…Levamisole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic used in the treatment of pulmonary and gastrointestinal nematode infections in humans and animals (Sajid, Iqbal, Muhammad, & Iqbal, 2006). Its anthelmintic effect originates from the stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia in susceptible parasites, resulting in paralysis (Yadav & Singha, 2011). Furthermore, levamisole has an immunomodulatory effect in humans and animals (Symoens & Rosenthal, 1977).…”

Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius)

“…Several studies have been done on pharmacokinetic profile of levamisole after different routes of administration in mammals (Fernandez, García, Sierra, Diez, & Terán, 1997, 1998; García, Diez, Sierra, & Terán, 1992; Sahagún et al, 2001; Villanueva et al, 2003); however, very limited number of studies are available on aquatics despite its wide application in fish species (Zanon, Cerozi, Silva, & Cyrino, 2012). This may be due to small size of fish which causes difficulties in serial blood sampling.…”