Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Fifth Edition

Allen, Loyd V

doi:10.1093/ajhp/47.9.2150

Cited by 51 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The liquid usually used is water to which water-immiscible organic solvents are added. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and thus a third component, the emulsifying agent (surfactant), is required to stabilize the emulsion [35,36]. In the oil-in-water emulsion (o/w), the oil (organic) phase/ diluent is dispersed as globules throughout an aqueous continuous phase, while in the water in oil (w/o) emulsions; the oil/diluent serves as the continuous phase with water being the disperse phase.…”

Section: Elms In the Extraction Of Pgmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor selection may lead to an ineffective ELM process [39,81]. Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds [36,55], which makes them soluble in both water and organic solvents [88,89]. In ELMs, they have the ability to reduce the interfacial tension between the diluent and the feed/stripping phase and influence the ELM stability, as well as mass transfer characteristics [39,55].…”

Section: Importance Of Surfactant and The Effects Of Its Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The description starts with outlining the differences between Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. In Newtonian fluids, shear stress and shear rate are directly proportional, as shown in equation 1 [35,36].…”

Section: Newtonian and Non-newtonian Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mini-Review on the Use of Liquid Membranes in the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals from Mining and Metal Refinery Wastewaters/Side-Streams

Moyo¹

2014

J Bioremed Biodeg

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The current mini-review focuses on the use of liquid membranes in the platinum group metal (PGM/PGMs) extraction from various types of wastewaters to prevent environmental pollution; and for the metal recovery to address the scarcity of the PGMs in the industrial cycles. The bulk liquid membranes have been used to the extracted PGMs from the (acidic) aqueous media with recoveries of up to 96.3 ± 2.5% of the original PGM amount. The extraction time generally ranges from 2 to 24 hours. The bulk membrane liquid in the PGM extraction will depend on the covalent structure of the extractant, the feed phase PGM concentration and the complex of the PGM in question that is actually extracted from the aqueous environment. The advantages of this type of liquid membrane include its operational simplicity, but the disadvantages include limited possibility to improve the extraction performance of the system. Literature data are encouraging as they indicate that extraction of PGMs from mining and metal-refinery side-streams does not suffer from interference from metal contaminants that are commonly found in the mining and metal refinery side-streams, e.g. iron. Thus further research should focus on the application of ELM to extraction of PGMs from said wastewaters and major research drive should focus on the use of the Taylorvortex column and the non-Newtonian ELMs. With the supported liquid membranes, 78-82% of the original PGM content could be recovered from model side-streams. The selectivity of the extraction for individual PGMs can be controlled by the extractant used.Palladium is the most studied PGM with respect to extraction from wastewater using the LM technology. Extractants that have been used in this regard include di-2-ethylhexyl-thiophosphoric acid [8], 8quinolone derivatives [9] and Cyanex 471 [10]. Various arrangements of the LM have been used, e.g. the ELM with LIX 984N-C as the extractant [11]. The SLMs have been used to extract various PGMs from wastewater using the following extractants: Aliquat 336 for Pt (IV) [12], Pd (II) [13] and Rh (III) [14]; and MSP-8 for Pd(II) [15]. Quantitative extraction is generally achieved within 2 to 24 hours [16].Stripping phases generally contain HCl or HNO 3 and sometimes this is supplemented by thiourea [17]. The current mini-review focuses on the use of LMs in the PGM extraction from various types of wastewaters. The article will cover the metal removal from the mining and metal-refinery side-streams, wastewaters from battery production and other potential sources of environmental pollution; and metal recovery to address the scarcity of the PGMs in the industrial cycles.

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Section: Elms In the Extraction Of Pgmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Importance Of Surfactant and The Effects Of Its Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mini-Review on the Use of Liquid Membranes in the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals from Mining and Metal Refinery Wastewaters/Side-Streams

Moyo¹

2014

J Bioremed Biodeg

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“…In the fasted state, it is characterized by an interdigestive series of electrical events which cycle both through the stomach and small intestine, every 2-3 hours. [7] This activity is called the interdigestive myoelectric cycle or migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), which is often divided into four consecutive phases. [8] Phase I (basal phase)…”

Section: Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating drug delivery system

Sengodan¹,

Rathi²,

Jc³

2011

Syst Rev Pharm

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“…T h e m a j o r g o a l s i n d e s i g n i n g p o l y m e r i c nanoparticles as a delivery system is to control particle size, surface properties and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at therapeutically optimal rate and dosage regimen [1,2]. Due to large surface to volume ratio the nano scale structures have unique properties and dissolution behaviors which are expected to avoid the unwanted side effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Aspirin Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Prepared by Desolvation Technique Using Various Desolvating Agents

Sailaja¹

2017

Nano BioMed ENG

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Aspirin is mainly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthtitis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The dose of aspirin required for the treatment is 3 g / day in divided doses. In order to avoid chances of missing the dose of drug, it is better to formulate sustained release dosage forms. In the present study, aspirin loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation technique using various desolvating agents such as acetone, ethanol and sodium sulphate. A comparative study was made among the three desolvating agents (acetone, ethanol and sodium sulphate) and two methods (continuous addition method and intermittent addition method) to decide the best desolvating agent and the better method for preparation of aspirin nanoparticles by desolvation method. Continuous and intermittent addition methods were followed for the addition of desolvating agent to the aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles prepared by intermittent addition of ethanol was showing better results with the mean particle diameter of 209 nm, entrapment efficiency of 50% and loading capacity of 23%. The drug release was slow, extending over a period of 24 h. The curve fitting data revealed that the release followed the first-order kinetics. Higuchis and Peppas plots stated that Fickian diffusion controlled the pattern in all formulations. From the results it can be concluded that the method of intermittent addition was the better method and ethanol was the best desolvating agent for the preparation of aspirin nanoparticles by desolvation technique.

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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Fifth Edition

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Mini-Review on the Use of Liquid Membranes in the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals from Mining and Metal Refinery Wastewaters/Side-Streams

Mini-Review on the Use of Liquid Membranes in the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals from Mining and Metal Refinery Wastewaters/Side-Streams

Floating drug delivery system

A Comparative Study of Aspirin Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Prepared by Desolvation Technique Using Various Desolvating Agents

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