Abstract:The unique physiochemical properties of nanomaterials have been widely used in drug delivery systems and diagnostic contrast agents. The safety issues of biomaterials with exceptional biocompatibility and hemo-compatibility have also received extensive attention at the nanoscale, especially in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we conducted a study of the effects of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) on the development of aortic atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE−/− mice. The particle size of… Show more
“…The effects of alcohol on the gut cannot be ignored either. Excessive drinking can encourage bacteria, or bacterial products, to leak from the gut into the bloodstream, triggering a range of inflammatory and immune responses (34).These negative effects of alcohol are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (35)(36)(37).…”
BackgroundDirect antihypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with a high CVD risk can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular death but increase adverse cardiovascular events, so additional ways to identify hypertensive patients at high risk may be needed. Studies have shown that immunity and inflammation affect the prognoses of patients with hypertension and that the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is an index to assess immunity and inflammation, but few studies have applied the PIV index to patients with hypertension.ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the PIV and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension.MethodData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018 with a mortality follow-up through December 31, 2019, were analyzed. A total of 26,781 participants were evaluated. The patients were grouped based on PIV levels as follows: T1 group (n = 8,938), T2 group (n = 8,893), and T3 group (n = 8,950). The relationship between the PIV and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular death was assessed by survival curves and Cox regression analysis based on the NHANES recommended weights.ResultThe PIV was significantly associated with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension. After full adjustment, patients with higher PIV have a higher risk of all-cause [Group 3: HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.20–1.55, p < 0.001] and cardiovascular [Group 3: HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.22–2.15, p < 0.001] mortality.ConclusionElevated PIV was associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients.
“…The effects of alcohol on the gut cannot be ignored either. Excessive drinking can encourage bacteria, or bacterial products, to leak from the gut into the bloodstream, triggering a range of inflammatory and immune responses (34).These negative effects of alcohol are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (35)(36)(37).…”
BackgroundDirect antihypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with a high CVD risk can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular death but increase adverse cardiovascular events, so additional ways to identify hypertensive patients at high risk may be needed. Studies have shown that immunity and inflammation affect the prognoses of patients with hypertension and that the pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) is an index to assess immunity and inflammation, but few studies have applied the PIV index to patients with hypertension.ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the PIV and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension.MethodData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018 with a mortality follow-up through December 31, 2019, were analyzed. A total of 26,781 participants were evaluated. The patients were grouped based on PIV levels as follows: T1 group (n = 8,938), T2 group (n = 8,893), and T3 group (n = 8,950). The relationship between the PIV and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular death was assessed by survival curves and Cox regression analysis based on the NHANES recommended weights.ResultThe PIV was significantly associated with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension. After full adjustment, patients with higher PIV have a higher risk of all-cause [Group 3: HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.20–1.55, p < 0.001] and cardiovascular [Group 3: HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.22–2.15, p < 0.001] mortality.ConclusionElevated PIV was associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients.
“…However, even incubated with 100 ppm NPs, hemolysis rate of RBC was far below 5% (3.9 ± 0.45%) which was regarded as a safety requirement of NPs, demonstrating the biosafety and competency of Fe 3 O 4 -Au shell NPs for further applications. 35 Figure 2 ( A ) Relative cell viability of 4T1 cells incubated with different concentrations of Fe 3 O 4 -Au shell for 24 h. ( B ) Hemolysis rate of RBC incubated with Fe 3 O 4 -Au shell dispersions in PBS of various concentrations. …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, even incubated with 100 ppm NPs, hemolysis rate of RBC was far below 5% (3.9 ± 0.45%) which was regarded as a safety requirement of NPs, demonstrating the biosafety and competency of Fe 3 O 4 -Au shell NPs for further applications. 35 MRI and PTT in vitro r 2 is believed to be the key to measuring the enhanced performance of the MRI contrast agents in T 2 WI. 36 According to the outer-sphere theory, the r 2 of superparamagnetic NPs is positively correlated with their saturation magnetization.…”
Background
Satisfactory prognosis of breast cancer (BC) is limited by difficulty in early diagnosis and insufficient treatment. The combination of molecular imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) may provide a solution.
Methods
Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by thermal decomposition, seeded growth and galvanic replacement and were comprehensively characterized. After conjugated to PEG, NPs were used as MRI and PTT agents in vitro and in vivo.
Results
Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
NPs which had uniform Janus-like morphology were successfully synthesized. The Fe
3
O
4
had a size of 18 ± 2.2 nm, and the Au
shell
had an outer diameter of 25 ± 3.3 nm and an inner diameter of 20 ± 2.9 nm. The NPs showed superparamagnetism, a saturation magnetization of 36 emu/g, and an optical absorption plateau from 700 to 808 nm. The Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
NPs were determined to possess good biocompatibility. After PEG coating, the zeta potential of NPs was changed from −23.75 ± 1.37 mV to −13.93 ± 0.55 mV, and the FTIR showed the characteristic C–O stretching vibration at 1113 cm
−1
. The NPs’ MR imaging implied that the T
2
can be shortened by Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
NPs in a concentration-dependent manner, and the Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
NPs coated with PEG at the molar ratio of 160 (PEG: NPs) showed the highest transverse relaxivity (
r
2
) of 216 mM
−1
s
−1
. After irradiation at 0.65 W/cm
2
for 5 min, all cells incubated with the Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
-PEG160 NPs (Fe: 30 ppm, Au: 70 ppm) died. After administrated intratumorally, Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
-PEG160 notably decreased the signal intensity of tumor in T
2
WI images. Under the same irradiation, the temperature of tumors injected with Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
-PEG160 quickly rose to 54.6°C, and the tumors shrank rapidly and were ablated in 6 days.
Conclusion
Fe
3
O
4
-Au
shell
-PEG NPs show good
r
2
and PTT performance and are promising synergistic ...
“…These scavenger receptors LOX-1 and CD36 take up LDL and induce foam cell formation. Third, NMs such as PLGA NPs can boost the phagocytosis of LDL by macrophages [ 82 ]. This mechanism may be related to lipid synthesis since NMs can promote lipid synthesis [ 27 ] and lipids can reinforce phagocytosis by maintaining the connection between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane [ 83 ].…”
Atherosclerosis is one of the most common types of cardiovascular disease and is driven by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in the arteries, which leads to stenosis and thrombosis. Researchers have been working to design multifunctional nanomedicines with the ability to target, diagnose, and treat atherosclerosis, but recent studies have also identified that nanomaterials can cause atherosclerosis. Therefore, this review aims to outline the molecular mechanisms and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials that promote atherosclerosis. By analyzing the toxicological effects of nanomaterials on cells involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis such as vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and immune cells, we aim to provide new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, and raise awareness of nanotoxicology to advance the clinical translation and sustainable development of nanomaterials.
Graphical Abstract
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