Phages of enteric bacteria in fresh water with different levels of faecal pollution

Araujo, Rosa; Puig, Anna; Lasobras, J.; Lucena, F.; Jofre, Juan

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00354.x

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…This suggests that the effect of sedimentation on removal is similar for all the micro-organisms studied. Although few reports have examined the sedimentation of the various micro-organisms in river water, our results are consistent with the data available for sedimentation of bacteriophages in sewage or very polluted waters (Araujo et al 1997), which indicate that the three groups of bacteriophages sediment similarly. Moreover, all of these data, together with the numbers of micro-organisms in river area A, in which no inactivation was detected, indicate that the reduction in bacterial indicators and bacteriophages in river water was a slow process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The behaviour of bacteriophages in nature has been compared with that of viruses and bacterial indicators elsewhere (Bell 1976;Payment et al 1988;Gironés et al 1989;Moriñigo et al 1992;Chung and Sobsey 1993;Araujo et al 1997;Jofre et al 2000). However, few of these reports contain data on the complete set of bacterial and bacteriophage indicators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters

et al. 2002

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Aims:The removal and inactivation of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria, enterococci (ENT), sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC), somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis in fresh waters. Methods and Results: Removal was studied in two areas of a river. The results showed different removal of each group of microbes. Faecal coliform bacteria were removed faster than any other, whereas SRC and bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis were the most persistent. Inactivation was measured by 'in situ' experiments, which showed significant differences in survival of the different groups of bacterial and bacteriophage indicators. The SRC and bacteriophages were more resistant than faecal coliforms and enterococci, with the exception of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in the summer. Inactivation experiments with pure cultures of bacteriophages confirmed that phage B40-8 of Bact. fragilis was the most resistant. Conclusions: Bacteria and bacteriophages show different resistance to natural inactivation. The use of phages allows information to be obtained in addition to that provided by bacterial indicators. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis might supply that indicator function. Significance and Impact of the Study: Confirmation was obtained that bacteriophages provided additional information to that provided by bacterial indicators to monitor the natural inactivation of viruses and/or pathogens.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters

et al. 2002

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“…Although in the sandy sediments the number of somatic coliphages outnumbered the F-specific phages, which is in agreement with previous results (Araujo et al 1997), in clayey sediments, the opposite was observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Accumulation of enteric bacteriophage in fresh water sediments

Skraber

Schijven

Italiaander

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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Our study aimed to assess the accumulation of bacteriophages in sandy and clayey fresh water sediments. All of the 24 natural fresh water sediments were positive for somatic and F-specific phages, though their concentrations in the overlying water were undetectable in 1 and 11 samples, respectively, out of 24, corresponding to 4 and 46% for somatic and F-specific phages, respectively. Based on the sediment-to-water ratios, F-specific phages accumulate over 100 times more than the somatic coliphages in clayey sediments. Inactivation of bacteriophages in clayey and sandy sediments over a 1-month period at 158C was negligible. Our data suggest that persistence of deposited viruses in fresh water sediments leads to accumulation and the findings call for additional investigations on the fate of entrapped pathogenic viruses.

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“…Such phenomena may partly explain seasonal (9) and geographical differences in the indicator content in bivalves. For example, strains of bacteriophages infecting B. fragilis have been shown to be useful as enteric viral indicators in some geographical areas, such as South Africa and Southern Europe (4,5,21) but, e.g., not in the United States (31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors Influencing Human Viral Pathogens and Their Potential Indicator Organisms in the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis : the First Scandinavian Report

Hernroth¹,

Conden-Hansson

Rehnstam-Holm

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

286

143

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This study was carried out in order to investigate human enteric virus contaminants in mussels from three sites on the west coast of Sweden, representing a gradient of anthropogenic influence. Mussels were sampled monthly during the period from February 2000 to July 2001 and analyzed for adeno-, entero-, Norwalk-like, and hepatitis A viruses as well as the potential viral indicator organisms somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli. The influence of environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and land runoff on the occurrence of these microbes was also included in this study. Enteric viruses were found in 50 to 60% of the mussel samples, and there were no pronounced differences between the samples from the three sites. E. coli counts exceeded the limit for category A for shellfish sanitary safety in 40% of the samples from the sites situated in fjords. However, at the site in the outer archipelago, this limit was exceeded only once, in March 2001, when extremely high levels of atypical indole-negative strains of E. coli were registered at all three sites. The environmental factors influenced the occurrence of viruses and phages differently, and therefore, it was hard to find a coexistence between them. This study shows that, for risk assessment, separate modeling should be done for every specific area, with special emphasis on environmental factors such as temperature and land runoff. The present standard for human fecal contamination, E. coli, seems to be an acceptable indicator of only local sanitary contamination; it is not a reliable indicator of viral contaminants in mussels. To protect consumers and get verification of "clean" mussels, it seems necessary to analyze for viruses as well. The use of a molecular index of the human contamination of Swedish shellfish underscores the need for reference laboratories with high-technology facilities.

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Phages of enteric bacteria in fresh water with different levels of faecal pollution

Cited by 44 publications

References 3 publications

Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters

Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters

Accumulation of enteric bacteriophage in fresh water sediments

Environmental Factors Influencing Human Viral Pathogens and Their Potential Indicator Organisms in the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis : the First Scandinavian Report

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