Petroleum Radiation Processing

Zaikin, Yuriy; Zaikina, Raissa

doi:10.1201/b16092

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…11−16 Unlike thermal methods, nonthermal plasma or electron beam-induced chain initiation and propagation are not restricted by high temperature and thermal equilibrium limit. 17,18 Reactions are also catalyst free, owing to the high reactivity of excited species induced by energetic electrons. Even at ambient conditions, both methods can initiate chemical reactions which otherwise may require a temperature above 400 °C if reactions are thermally initiated.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, both isomerization and alkylation, as acid-catalyzed reactions, are impeded by several problems: equipment corrosion, production contamination, and handling and regeneration of spent catalysts, as well as negative environmental impacts. , Nowadays, traditional thermal-catalytic methods to produce high quality fuels are facing unprecedented challenges as the energy industry is quickly moving toward more diversified energy sources, smaller operation scale, better integration with renewable electricity, less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and more. Nonthermal methods such as those based on nonthermal plasma or high energy electron beams have been increasingly investigated as substitutes for thermal and catalytic methods for fuel reforming and upgrading. − Unlike thermal methods, nonthermal plasma or electron beam-induced chain initiation and propagation are not restricted by high temperature and thermal equilibrium limit. , Reactions are also catalyst free, owing to the high reactivity of excited species induced by energetic electrons. Even at ambient conditions, both methods can initiate chemical reactions which otherwise may require a temperature above 400 °C if reactions are thermally initiated. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Oligomerization of Small Hydrocarbons Activated by Collision with High Energy Electrons at Ambient Conditions

Wang

Staack

2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Isomerization and polymerization are two essential chemical processes that produce valuable chemicals and high quality fuels. However, they hardly occur at ambient conditions due to the activation energy barrier of multiple chemical reactions. Thermal activation of those reactions by catalysts or high temperature and pressure or both are very costly and emits a vast amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). Here, we show a greener method that uses electricity and high energy electrons to efficiently activate small molecules at ambient conditions. Activated fragments and radicals cross-link and produce larger and more valuable compounds without use of any catalysts. One small hydrocarbon (C5H12) was irradiated by a high energy electron beam at the liquid state. About 5% conversion, iso-paraffin (85%) and n-paraffin (15%), in a C6–C15 range was observed using 400 kJ/kg energy input (0.8% of pentane’s energy content). We propose that collisions between high energy electrons and small molecules at the liquid state create radicals very efficiently by nonselective cleavage of carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen bonds. Radicals then undergo random pairing reactions and selectively produce large branched species. The energy cost of this method is comparable with thermal methods. This method is electrical and easily adaptable to renewable energy sources with potentially zero GHG emissions.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Oligomerization of Small Hydrocarbons Activated by Collision with High Energy Electrons at Ambient Conditions

Wang

Staack

2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Ionizing radiation is routinely used for agricultural and medical product sterilization in modest‐scale production facilities as well as in polymer materials treatment , . Proposals for use of ionizing radiation in hydrocarbon “cold” cracking have also been explored .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Techno‐Economic Analysis of Chemical Processing with Ionizing Radiation

2017

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Photons and electrons with energies above the ionization potential of most atoms can be used to facilitate chemical reactions not otherwise possible thermochemically or under more preferable process conditions. An analysis and comparison of the economics of using sources of ultraviolet photons, high‐energy electrons, γ‐rays, and X‐rays in a chemical conversion process is presented. In many processes where the penetration depth is sufficient, the overall production costs for equivalent products are lowest for electron‐beam based systems followed, in order, by ultraviolet, gamma rays from 60Co, and X‐ray sources. In process applications where large volume, high pressure, chemical reactors are required, gamma radiation has potential design advantages provided commercial gamma sources of lower cost than 60Co become available.

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Upgrading and Refining of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products by Ionizing Irradiation

Zaikin¹,

Zaikina²

2016

Top Curr Chem (Z)

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A general trend in the oil industry is a decrease in the proven reserves of light crude oils so that any increase in future oil exploration is associated with high-viscous sulfuric oils and bitumen. Although the world reserves of heavy oil are much greater than those of sweet light oils, their exploration at present is less than 12 % of the total oil recovery. One of the main constraints is very high expenses for the existing technologies of heavy oil recovery, upgrading, transportation, and refining. Heavy oil processing by conventional methods is difficult and requires high power inputs and capital investments. Effective and economic processing of high viscous oil and oil residues needs not only improvements of the existing methods, such as thermal, catalytic and hydro-cracking, but the development of new technological approaches for upgrading and refining of any type of problem oil feedstock. One of the perspective approaches to this problem is the application of ionizing irradiation for high-viscous oil processing. Radiation methods for upgrading and refining high-viscous crude oils and petroleum products in a wide temperature range, oil desulfurization, radiation technology for refining used oil products, and a perspective method for gasoline radiation isomerization are discussed in this paper. The advantages of radiation technology are simple configuration of radiation facilities, low capital and operational costs, processing at lowered temperatures and nearly atmospheric pressure without the use of any catalysts, high production rates, relatively low energy consumption, and flexibility to the type of oil feedstock.

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Petroleum Radiation Processing

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Electrical Oligomerization of Small Hydrocarbons Activated by Collision with High Energy Electrons at Ambient Conditions

Electrical Oligomerization of Small Hydrocarbons Activated by Collision with High Energy Electrons at Ambient Conditions

A Techno‐Economic Analysis of Chemical Processing with Ionizing Radiation

Upgrading and Refining of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products by Ionizing Irradiation

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