PET microplastics toxicity on marine key species is influenced by pH, particle size and food variations

Piccardo, Manuela; Provenza, Francesca; Grazioli, Eleonora; Cavallo, Andrea; Terlizzi, Antonio; Renzi, Monia

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136947

Cited by 97 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Smoked CCBs affected the development of plutei, increasing the percentage of abnormal larvae respect to controls, and also induced impairment in biometrics in normal-formed larvae. The body size reduction in normo-formed (72 h) plutei showed ecotoxicological efficacy for both smoked and unsmoked cigarette butts, thus confirming a sensitive endpoint, as reported in other studies [35]. These results are consistent with the literature showing that classic smoked cigarettes are worse than the unsmoked ones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Recent research recorded significant differences among body size (i.e., maximum arm lengths) of normo-formed larvae in a population of P. lividus exposed to chemicals compared to the body size of natural populations at the same developmental stage [34,35]. The second endpoint of this analysis used the same samples previously analysed for the detection of the anomalies in embryo development to evaluate the effects of the leachates/elutriates on larval body size of P. lividus, using stereomicroscopic measurement of their mean arm lengths (Nikon, SMZ-800 N equipped with Nikon's software Nikon ACT-1).…”

Section: Algal Growth Inhibition Phaeodactylum Tricornutum (Uni En Iso 10253:2017)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Sediqualsoft® to Determine the Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to Marine Species: A Weather Simulation Test

Piccardo

Provenza

Anselmi³

et al. 2021

JMSE

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Cigarette butts (CBs) are among the dominant constituents of marine and beach litter. Few studies have been conducted, and the environmental effects of CBs on marine species are still poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on marine organisms of both classic and electronic CBs. Three representative species of different trophic levels in marine ecosystems (Aliivibrio fischeri, bacteria; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, algae, primary producers; Paracentrotus lividus, echinoderms, consumers) were tested. The effects of natural ageing of CBs due to exposure to atmospheric conditions (natural sunlight vs. simulated rain) and for different times (1 vs. 2 weeks) were evaluated. The results were weighted together to obtain a synthetic hazard level to the environment (Class of Hazard) from Sediqualsoft®. Classic CBs (CCBs) performed the worst and posed a mild to moderate risk compared to electronic CBs (absent Class of Hazard). Smoked classic CBs posed a higher environmental risk than unsmoked. The highest risk was produced by classic CBs after one week of exposure in dry weather. Echinoderms and the body size reduction in normo-formed (72 h) plutei were shown to be the more sensitive organism and endpoint, respectively. We recommend the use of Sediqualsoft® software for risk assessment studies of sediments contaminated with contaminants of various types, especially in conjunction with a weight of evidence approach (WOE).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Algal Growth Inhibition Phaeodactylum Tricornutum (Uni En Iso 10253:2017)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Sediqualsoft® to Determine the Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to Marine Species: A Weather Simulation Test

Piccardo

Provenza

Anselmi³

et al. 2021

JMSE

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“…If organisms have low levels of energy available, their development will be reduced. Thus, biometric variations could be considered a precocious marker of stress, as reported by other similar studies [54].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…PET, together with PP and PE is the resin that is used more frequently for packaging purposes [2]. Other studies have reported the toxicity of PET leachates (100 mg/L, 100% dilution) to echinoderm larvae [54]: leachates prepared after only 72 h of conditioning in marine water induced abnormal development in 27.2% of cases, under fasting conditions. In the present study, the plastic concentration never exceeded 12 mg/L but a longer leaching time (28 days) evidently contributed to increased toxicity, inducing more severe consequences (up to 97.45%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Plastic-Made Packaging on Marine Key Species: Effects Following Water Acidification and Ecological Implications

Piccardo

Provenza

Grazioli³

et al. 2021

JMSE

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This study evaluates the impacts of 16 different leachates of plastic-made packaging on marine species of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, echinoderms). Standard ecotoxicological endpoints (inhibition of bioluminescence, inhibition of growth, embryo-toxicity) and alterations of ecologically significant parameters (i.e., echinoderms’ body-size) were measured following exposure under different pH water conditions: marine standard (pH 8.1) and two increasingly acidic conditions (pH 7.8 and 7.5) in order to evaluate possible variations induced by ocean acidification. The results obtained in this study evidence that the tested doses are not able to significantly affect bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) and algae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum). On the contrary, Paracentrotus lividus larvae were significantly affected by several packaging types (13 out of 16) with meaningless differences between pH conditions.

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“…While PET show resistance to weathering, fragmentation mechanisms are not immune to it and abiotic weathering is likely to occur by photooxidation and hydrolysis in marine environments. The pH variance in ocean may possibly alter the chemical balance of microplastics by raising or lowering the rate of chemical leach from their surface, so PET, which is commonly understood to be safe, may become dangerous in the near future (Piccardo et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems

Issac

Kandasubramanian

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

437

100

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Graphical abstract Surging dismissal of plastics into water resources results in the splintered debris generating microscopic particles called microplastics. The reduced size of microplastic makes it easier for intake by aquatic organisms resulting in amassing of noxious wastes, thereby disturbing their physiological functions. Microplastics are abundantly available and exhibit high propensity for interrelating with the ecosystem thereby disrupting the biogenic flora and fauna. About 71% of the earth surface is occupied by oceans, which holds 97% of the earth’s water. The remaining 3% is present as water in ponds, streams, glaciers, ice caps, and as water vapor in the atmosphere. Microplastics can accumulate harmful pollutants from the surroundings thereby acting as transport vectors; and simultaneously can leach out chemicals (additives). Plastics in marine undergo splintering and shriveling to form micro/nanoparticles owing to the mechanical and photochemical processes accelerated by waves and sunlight, respectively. Microplastics differ in color and density, considering the type of polymers, and are generally classified according to their origins, i.e., primary and secondary. About 54.5% of microplastics floating in the ocean are polyethylene, and 16.5% are polypropylene, and the rest includes polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyester, and polyamides. Polyethylene and polypropylene due to its lower density in comparison with marine water floats and affect the oceanic surfaces while materials having higher density sink affecting seafloor. The effects of plastic debris in the water and aquatic systems from various literature and on how COVID-19 has become a reason for microplastic pollution are reviewed in this paper.

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PET microplastics toxicity on marine key species is influenced by pH, particle size and food variations

Cited by 97 publications

References 73 publications

Use of Sediqualsoft® to Determine the Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to Marine Species: A Weather Simulation Test

Use of Sediqualsoft® to Determine the Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to Marine Species: A Weather Simulation Test

Impacts of Plastic-Made Packaging on Marine Key Species: Effects Following Water Acidification and Ecological Implications

Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems

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