Pestivirus in alpine wild ruminants and sympatric livestock from the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain

Fernández-Aguilar, Xavier; López‐Olvera, Jorge Ramón; Marco, Ignasi; Rosell, Rosa; Colom-Cadena, Andreu; Soto-Heras, Sandra; Lavı́n, Santiago; Cabezón, Óscar

doi:10.1136/vr.103577

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…conjunctivae [22]. Similar correspondences between the epidemiological scenarios in sympatric sheep and chamois have been also reported for other pathogens in the study area [50,51], highlighting the significance of spillover events among competent hosts at the wildlife-livestock interface, even if its occurrence is rare [52,53]. Even though independent sylvatic cycles accounted for most of the IKC cases in wild hosts from the Pyrenees, the higher prevalence and diversity of M .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

et al. 2017

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Functional roles of domestic and wild host populations in infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) epidemiology have been extensively discussed claiming a domestic reservoir for the more susceptible wild hosts, however, based on limited data. With the aim to better assess IKC epidemiology in complex host-pathogen alpine systems, the long-term infectious dynamics and molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated in all host populations from six study areas in the Pyrenees and one in the Cantabrian Mountains (Northern Spain). Detection of M. conjunctivae was performed by qPCR on 3600 eye swabs collected during seven years from hunted wild ungulates and sympatric domestic sheep (n = 1800 animals), and cluster analyses of the strains were performed including previous reported local strains. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was consistently detected in three Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) populations, as well as in sheep flocks (17.0% of sheep) and occasionally in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) from the Pyrenees (22.2% in one year/area); statistically associated with ocular clinical signs only in chamois. Chamois populations showed different infection dynamics with low but steady prevalence (4.9%) and significant yearly fluctuations (0.0%– 40.0%). Persistence of specific M. conjunctivae strain clusters in wild host populations is demonstrated for six and nine years. Cross-species transmission between chamois and sheep and chamois and mouflon were also sporadically evidenced. Overall, independent M. conjunctivae sylvatic and domestic cycles occurred at the wildlife-livestock interface in the alpine ecosystems from the Pyrenees with sheep and chamois as the key host species for each cycle, and mouflon as a spill-over host. Host population characteristics and M. conjunctivae strains resulted in different epidemiological scenarios in chamois, ranging from the fading out of the mycoplasma to the epidemic and endemic long-term persistence. These findings highlight the capacity of M. conjunctivae to establish diverse interactions and persist in host populations, also with different transmission conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

et al. 2017

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“…It found only 1 of 892 red deer to be seropositive and concluded that the deer were spillover hosts only and did not represent a risk for domestic ruminants. Another study of sympatric alpine populations of livestock and wild ruminants, including deer in north‐west Spain generated similar findings (Fernández‐Aguilar et al., ).…”

Section: Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 58%

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

More¹,

Bøtner²,

Butterworth

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of BVD to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of BVD according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to BVD. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, BVD can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The assessment here performed on compliance with the criteria as in Section 3 of Annex IV referred to in point (c) of Article 9(1) is inconclusive. The animal species to be listed for BVD according to Article 8 (3) criteria are mainly species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species and several mammalian species as reservoirs.

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“…There is conflicting evidence in the literature surrounding prevalence of Pestivirus in cervids and known contact with cattle. Studies [18][19][20] have reported that close contact with cattle can induce high seroprevalence in wild cervids; however, a study by Frolich et al [21] contrasted these findings and hypothesized an independent cycle as responsible for intrapopulation persistence. Additionally, the identification of persistently infected mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) [22] and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) [23][24][25] suggests that BVDV can sustain itself in deer populations without contact with cattle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection

Huaman

Pacioni

Forsyth

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Since deer were introduced into Australia in the mid-1800s, their wild populations have increased in size and distribution, posing a potential risk to the livestock industry, through their role in pathogen transmission cycles. In comparison to livestock, there are limited data on viral infections in all wildlife, including deer. The aim of this study was to assess blood samples from wild Australian deer for serological evidence of exposure to relevant viral livestock diseases. Blood samples collected across eastern Australia were tested by ELISA to detect antigens and antibodies against Pestivirus and antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1. A subset of samples was also assessed by RT-PCR for Pestivirus, Simbu serogroup, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Our findings demonstrated a very low seroprevalence (3%) for ruminant Pestivirus, and none of the other viruses tested were detected. These results suggest that wild deer may currently be an incidental spill-over host (rather than a reservoir host) for Pestivirus. However, deer could be a future source of viral infections for domestic animals in Australia. Further investigations are needed to monitor pathogen activity and quantify possible future infectious disease impacts of wild deer on the Australian livestock industry.

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Pestivirus in alpine wild ruminants and sympatric livestock from the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Pyrenees

Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection

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