Pesticides, Environmental Pollution, and Health

Abstract

In recent years, people have been exposed to several types of substances with broad spectrum due to the rapidly evolving technology. One of these chemical substance groups are pesticides. Pesticides have been an essential part of agriculture to protect crops and livestock from pest infestations and yield reduction for many decades. Despite their usefulness, pesticides could pose potential risks to food safety, the environment, and all living things. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated pesticide use has prompted research into the environmental fate of these agents, which can emigrate from treated fields to air, other land, and water bodies. The importance of agricultural pesticides for developing countries is undeniable. However, the issue of human health and environmental risks has emerged as a key problem for these countries in accordance to a number of studies. In the last five decades, pesticide usages increased the quantity and improved the quality of food. However, with the increasing amounts of their usage, concern about their adverse effects on nontarget organisms, including human beings, has also grown. The purpose of this publication is to explain the nature of pesticides and their history, classification, risks, and effects on health and the environment.

Genome‐scale metabolic reconstruction and in silico analysis of the rice leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae

“…Methods to combat plant diseases in the past have mainly relied on chemical control, but it has been proven that such methods induce water pollution (Özkara et al , ) and are not effective, as pathogens build up antibiotic resistance to pesticides gradually and grow to be stronger and harder to control (Chandra et al , ). In the search for effective alternatives and environmentally friendly solutions to overcome rice leaf blight caused by Xoo, we reconstructed a genome‐scale metabolic model of Xoo, characterized its pathogenicity, and identified potential antivirulence targets by resorting to metabolic network comparison, constraint‐based flux analysis, and transcriptome data integration.…”

Glyphosate Residues in Soil and Air: An Integrated Review

“…The environmental pollution instigated by the use of plant protection products, commonly referred to as pesticides, is one of the most serious problems that facing the world due to their potential toxicity, high persistence, and slow degradation. Pesticide fate in the environment is characterized by a number of complex processes occurring in different environmental compartments, such as air, soils, and plants [105]. A wide variety of pesticides has been detected in different environmental media, including water bodies, soil, and the atmosphere.…”

Constraining the Teratogenicity of Pesticide Pollution by a Synthetic Nanoreceptor

“…[1] However, it was not until the publication of the book Silent Spring (Rachel Carson, 1962) that profound public awareness aboutt he risk of pesticide abuse was raised. [2] It was estimatedt hat only lesst han 0.1 %o fa pplied pesticides could be delivered to the target,w hereas the rest seeped into soil and water.…”

“…[8] To address this issue, the use and disposalo fs ome,b ut not all, highly toxic pesticides have been gradually restricted or even banned by several countries. [1] Additionally,t he development of ecofriendly pesticides towards targeted species as well as novel formulations with smart release have become a new direction. [9] The restriction or ban of some highly toxic pesticides were proven to be futile in developing countries.…”

“…[9] The restriction or ban of some highly toxic pesticides were proven to be futile in developing countries. [1] On the other hand, "ecofriendly"p esticides requirei ngenious design and tedious synthesis that drive the cost high, andt he anticipated safety to non-target organismsi sy et to be validated. [10] Althought he novel deliverys ystems with smart release seemsc onceptually promising, the high cost and complicated designh as limited their universal application.…”