Pesticide Waste Treatment Monitoring of s-Triazines Using Immunoassay

Seasonal Atrazine Contamination of Drinking Water in Pig-Breeding Farm Surroundings in Agricultural and Industrial Areas of Croatia

“…In our study, during the late summer and autumn (September and October), the concentration of atrazine were lower and varied from 0.15 to 0.28 µg/L (ELISA) or from 0.11 to 0.23 µg/L(HPLC).Five samples were found to be triazine-positive by ELISA,but atrazine-negative by HPLC. Even 50% of the samples of drinking water collected from the Sljeme pig-breeding farm were atrazine-positive (Table 2).Throughout the four-month monitoring period, the concentration of atrazine varied from 0.15 to 0.29 µg/L (ELISA) or from 0.12 to 0.23 µg/L(HPLC).It is evident that in spring,late summer and autumn,the concentrations of atrazine were quite similar and very low.Seven samples were found to be triazine-positive by ELISA,but atrazine-negative by HPLC.The detection limit of HPLC was 0.1 µg/L.GeneralIy,the HPLC results were slightly lower than those obtained by ELISA,and this could be the reason for no atrazine detected below 0.1 µg/L,as compared to ELISA.However,the most likely reason for atrazine-negative samples by HPLC was that these compounds were other triazines or dealkylated metabolites of atrazine that cross-react with the atrazine antibody (Bushway et al 1988;Bushway et al 1992).Most triazine-positive samples contained atrazine.Linear regression was performed for the atrazine-positive samples,including spiked samples of drinking water from both farms,to compare the two techniques.The regression equation was:Y= -0.035 + 0.906 X,standard error = 0.021 µg/L, R=0.986, where Y and X were the concentrations obtained by HPLC(µg/L) and ELISA (µg/L),respectively.Our results showed a very good correlation of the ELISA method with the conventional HPLC analysis of spiked or nonspiked samples of drinking water for atrazine.This correlation was consistent with the results reported elsewhere (Bushway et al 1992;Muldoon and Nelson 1994). In our study, 65.4 % of the samples of drinking water from both pig-breeding farms were atrazine-positive.The concentration of atrazine exceeded the maximal tolerable concentration of 0.1 µg/L(analyzed by HPLC) set by the European Communities for single pesticides in water intended for human consumption (Council of the European Communities 1980) and the respective by-law of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia,1994), pointing to the need for regular analytical control of the sources of drinking water for this contaminant.…”

“…In our study, 65.4 % of the samples of drinking water from both pig-breeding farms were atrazine-positive.The concentration of atrazine exceeded the maximal tolerable concentration of 0.1 µg/L(analyzed by HPLC) set by the European Communities for single pesticides in water intended for human consumption (Council of the European Communities 1980) and the respective by-law of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia,1994), pointing to the need for regular analytical control of the sources of drinking water for this contaminant. For this purpose, ELISA has several advantages ( simple, usually more sensitive,less expensive) as a screening method (Bushway et al 1988;Bushway et al1992;Muldoon and Nelson 1994;Wittmann and Hock 1993). The area from which the samples of drinking water were obtained, is a source of drinking water for the Dubravica pig-breeding farm,which is surrounded by individual agricultural lots whose owners use atrazine as a herbicidal chemical.The maximal concentration of atrazine in the Dubravica drinking water (2.3 µg/L by ELISA or 2.1 µg/L by HPLC) collected during April after a two-week rainy period,was eight-to ten-fold higher than that determined for the same period at the Sljeme pig-breeding farm (0.29 µg/L by ELISA or 0.21 µg/L by HPLC) in the Zagreb industrial estate.Although it was impossible to grasp all relevant aspects of the relationship between crop protection chemicals (herbicides) and water contamination (Graham 1991),the results obtained in this study appear to suggest that the possible mechanism of water contamination was soil leaching of the contaminant (atrazine) after its usual field application.…”

Polymer Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Sorbent Assay for Atrazine

“…Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA). The cELISA was performed using monoclonal antibody AM7B2 as described in Muldoon and Nelson (1994).…”

Photodegradation and Flow-Injection Determination of Simetryn Herbicide by Luminol Chemiluminescence Detection

“…Methods for triazine determination in water include separation by HPLC [4][5][6] and GC 7,8 after solid-phase extraction (SPE), [9][10][11] capillary electrophoresis, 12 micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, 13 triazine multianalyte immunoassays, 14,15 CL/ ECL immunoassays, 16,17 ELISA, 18,19 ECL, 20 fluorometric methods with dansyl chloride 21 and photochemically-induced fluorometric method with o-phthalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol derivitazation. 22 These methods are sensitive and accurate; however, many of these involve expensive methods, and toxic solvents, are slow and require the development of extremely complex gradients for the separation.…”