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Cited by 12 publications
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A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to control living organisms that cause damage or economic loss, or transmit or produce disease, including such animals as insects or mice, unwanted plants, microorganisms such as those causing plant diseases, or viruses. Early pesticides were simple, often toxic inorganic compounds having a broad spectrum of activity, and often applied indiscriminately at high rates. Newer crop protection agents are generally complex organic chemicals, which may bind to a specific enzyme recoptor. Some commercial pesticides are biological agents. Pesticide use in the United States is 57% herbicides, 23% insecticides, 12% fungicides, and 8% other, including household disinfectants, repellents, rodenticides, etc. About 90% of pesticides are produced by 20 companies, 9 located in Europe, 6 in the United States, and 5 in Japan. All pesticides produced and used in the United States must be reviewed and registered by the U.S. EPA. Extensive studies on chemistry, residues in treated food commodities, environmental fate, and toxicity to laboratory animals and wildlife, to demonstrate that proposed uses do not cause undue harm to humans or the environment, are required. The estimated cost for developing a new pesticide is \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\$}70\times 10^{6}}$\end{document} over 10–12 years. Problems for the agrochemical industry and for government regulators include the lack of harmonization of study requirements in developed countries, and public perception that pesticides are not adequately tested and are inherently harmful.
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to control living organisms that cause damage or economic loss, or transmit or produce disease, including such animals as insects or mice, unwanted plants, microorganisms such as those causing plant diseases, or viruses. Early pesticides were simple, often toxic inorganic compounds having a broad spectrum of activity, and often applied indiscriminately at high rates. Newer crop protection agents are generally complex organic chemicals, which may bind to a specific enzyme recoptor. Some commercial pesticides are biological agents. Pesticide use in the United States is 57% herbicides, 23% insecticides, 12% fungicides, and 8% other, including household disinfectants, repellents, rodenticides, etc. About 90% of pesticides are produced by 20 companies, 9 located in Europe, 6 in the United States, and 5 in Japan. All pesticides produced and used in the United States must be reviewed and registered by the U.S. EPA. Extensive studies on chemistry, residues in treated food commodities, environmental fate, and toxicity to laboratory animals and wildlife, to demonstrate that proposed uses do not cause undue harm to humans or the environment, are required. The estimated cost for developing a new pesticide is \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\$}70\times 10^{6}}$\end{document} over 10–12 years. Problems for the agrochemical industry and for government regulators include the lack of harmonization of study requirements in developed countries, and public perception that pesticides are not adequately tested and are inherently harmful.
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to control living organisms that cause damage or economic loss, or transmit or produce disease, including such animals as insects or mice, unwanted plants, microorganisms such as those causing plant diseases, or viruses. Early pesticides were simple, often toxic inorganic compounds having a broad spectrum of activity, and often applied indiscriminately at high rates. Newer crop protection agents are generally complex organic chemicals, which may bind to a specific enzyme receptor. Some commercial pesticides are biological agents. Pesticide use in the United States include herbicides (the largest sector), insecticides, fungicides, and others, including household disinfectants, repellents, rodenticides, etc. All pesticides produced and used in the United States must be reviewed and registered by the U.S. EPA. Extensive studies on chemistry, residues in treated food commodities, environmental fate, and toxicity to laboratory animals and wildlife, to demonstrate that proposed uses do not cause undue harm to humans or the environment, are required. The use of genetically modified microorganisms as pesticides and their impact is discussed. Problems for the agrochemical industry and for government regulators include the lack of harmonization of study requirements in developed countries, and public perception that pesticides are not adequately tested and are inherently harmful.
Two micellized Cu(II) and Fe(III) ion complexes were synthesized and found to possess good catalytic activity in the cleavage of the malathion/cupric (ferric) complex thionate ester. The complexes form metallomicelles, which bind the substrate by coordinating with the thionate sulfur in the malathion (which is chemically similar to the nerve agent sarin). Possible reasons for the rate acceleration include enhanced electrophilicity of the micellized metals, enhanced surface activity, and the recognized ability of cationic micelles to accelerate the cleavage of the thionate ester. The results of kinetic data (half-life times) for malathion degradation were 13.7 and 8.3 min in the presence of Cu(II) and Fe(III) metallomicelle layers, respectively.The destruction of organophosphorus (OP) toxic chemical agents as well as pesticides is generally affected by the use of sodium hydroxide and hypochlorite (1,2). However, the latter are known to have certain undesirable properties, including corrosiveness and toxicity.Studies with the pesticide malathion have shown that cationic micelles speed the degradation rate (3). Micelles of functionalized surfactant (a cationic surfactant that is widely used in the destruction of organophosphorus toxic agents) have been extensively investigated as esterolytic reagents (4).Previous research demonstrated that metal ions catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphothionate esters (5). Also, transition metal ion-based catalysts greatly accelerate phosphate triesters cleavage(6). We have recently studied the efficiency of cationic surfactants containing copper in potentiating their destruction of OP agents (7). Here we investigate catalytic hydrolysis of malathion (as a simulant of the chemical warfare agent sarin, which, like malathion, has an easily hydrolyzed P-O bond) (8) by new metallomicelle layers. The objective of our study was to examine the effect of copper(II) or iron(III) micellar layers on the phosphorodithionate ester hydrolysis; both metal ions showed firstorder constants. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESGeneral. Kinetic traces were recorded by using a HewlettPackard Model, MS 5988 gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer equipped with a DB-5 capillary column (0.25 µm film, 0.25 mm × 30 m). Carrier gas was helium. GC conditions (9,10) were as follows: injection at 270°C for a 1 µL in ether. The oven temperature was programmed from 60 to 270°C for 34 min.Surface tension measurements (11) were determined with a Du Nouy ring tensiometer (type 8451; Krüss, Hamburg, Germany).UV spectra were recorded with a PerkinElmer 552 Spectrophotometer.Microelemental analyses were performed with a Vario EL Elementar (National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt).Chemicals. Malathion [O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis (ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl phosphorodithionate, 88% actual purity] was obtained from Sumitomo Co. (Cairo, Egypt). Dodecyl pyridinium chloride monohydrate, cupric chloride dihydrate, and anhydrous ferric chloride were from Aldrich Chemical Co. Ltd. (Cairo, Egypt).General procedure for the synthesis of complexes. Stoichiomet...
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