Pesticide Exposure of Children in an Agricultural Community: Evidence of Household Proximity to Farmland and Take Home Exposure Pathways

Lu, Chensheng; Fenske, Richard A.; Simcox, Nancy J.; Kalman, David A.

doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4076

Cited by 355 publications

(347 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These findings were supported by an additional study which measured pesticide metabolites in children's urine (Loewenherz et al, 1997;Lu et al, 2000).…”

Section: Families Of Pesticide Handlersmentioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of Exposure for Pesticide Handlers in Agricultural, Residential and Institutional Environments

Fenske

Day²

2005

Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment for Pesticides

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“…These findings were supported by an additional study which measured pesticide metabolites in children's urine (Loewenherz et al, 1997;Lu et al, 2000).…”

Section: Families Of Pesticide Handlersmentioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of Exposure for Pesticide Handlers in Agricultural, Residential and Institutional Environments

Fenske

Day²

2005

Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment for Pesticides

Self Cite

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“…CPF and its metabolites have been detected in farm animals, such as cattle, hogs and sheep (Ivey 1979;Ivey and Palmer 1979;Ivey and Palmer 1981). Moreover, chlorpyrifos residues or its metabolites have been discovered in the diet of preschoolers (Fenske et al 2002a), in the urine of children living in proximity to orchards (Lu et al 2000;Fenske et al 2002b), as well as in the cord blood of infants born to minority women living in urban settings (Whyatt et al 2004). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in placental cells

Saulsbury¹,

Heyliger²,

Wang³

et al. 2008

Toxicology

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The mechanism by which chlorpyrifos exerts its toxicity in fetal and perinatal animals has yet to be elucidated. Since the placenta is responsible for transport of nutrients and is a major supplier hormones to the fetus, exposure to xenobiotics that alter the function or viability of placenta cells could ostensibly alter the development of the fetus. In this study, JAR cells were used to determine if CPF and the metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) are toxic to the placenta. Our results indicate that chlorpyrifos (CPF), and its metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) caused a dose-dependent reduction in cellular viability with CPF being more toxic than its metabolites. Chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity was characterized by the loss of mitochondrial potential, the appearance of nuclear condensation and fragmentation, down-regulation of Bcl-2 as well as upregulation of TNFα and FAS mRNA. Pharmacological inhibition of FAS, nicotinic and TNF-α receptors did not attenuate CPF-induced toxicity. Atropine exhibited minimal ability to reverse toxicity. Furthermore, signal transduction inhibitors PD98059, SP600125, LY294002 and U0126 failed to attenuate toxicity; however, SB202190 (inhibitor of p38α and p38β MAPK) sensitized cells to CPF-induced toxicity. Pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh produced a slight but significant reversal of CPF-induced toxicity indicating that the major caspase pathways are not integral to CPF-induced toxicity. Taken collectively, these results suggest that chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in placental cells through pathways not dependent on FAS/TNF signaling, activation of caspases or inhibition of cholinesterase. In addition, our data further indicates that activation of p38 MAPK is integral to the protection cells against CPF-induced injury.

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“…Differences in urinary metabolite concentrations and housedust, soil, and handwipe concentrations for the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and their nonspecific metabolites have been found between children living in close proximity to agricultural areas and children living in suburban or urban areas in Washington State (Simcox et al, 1995;Loewenherz et al, 1997;Lu et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimedia measurements and activity patterns in an observational pilot study of nine young children

Tulve

Egeghy

Fortmann

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A pilot observational exposure study was performed to evaluate methods for collecting multimedia measurements (air, dust, food, urine) and activity patterns to assess potential exposures of young children to pesticides in their homes. Nine children (mean age ¼ 5 years) and their caregivers participated in this study, performed in the Duval County, Florida, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Duval County Health Department. For all nine children, the total time reported for sleeping and napping ranged from 9.5 to 14 h per day, indoor quiet time from 0 to 5.5 h per day, indoor active time from 0.75 to 5.5 h per day, outdoor quiet time from 0 to 1.5 h per day, and outdoor active time from 0.5 to 6.5 h per day. Each home had one to three pesticide products present, with aerosols being most common. Pesticide inventories, however, were not useful for predicting pesticide levels in the home. Synthetic pyrethroids were the most frequently identified active ingredients in the products present in each home. Fifteen pesticide active ingredients were measured in the application area wipes (not detected (ND) to 580 ng/cm 2 ), 13 in the play area wipes (ND-117 ng/cm 2 ), and 14 in the indoor air samples (ND-378 ng/m 3 ) and the socks (ND-1000 ng/cm 2 ). Cis-permethrin, trans-permethrin, and cypermethrin were measured in all nine homes. Chlorpyrifos was measured in all nine homes even though it was not reported used by the participants. All urine samples contained measurable concentrations of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). The median 3-PBA urinary concentration for the nine children was 2.2 mg/l. A wide variety of pesticide active ingredients were measured in these nine homes at median concentrations that were often higher than reported previously in similar studies. These data highlight the need for additional observational studies in regions where pesticides are used in order to understand the factors that affect young children's exposures and the education/mitigation strategies that can be used to reduce children's exposures.

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Pesticide Exposure of Children in an Agricultural Community: Evidence of Household Proximity to Farmland and Take Home Exposure Pathways

Cited by 355 publications

References 14 publications

Assessment of Exposure for Pesticide Handlers in Agricultural, Residential and Institutional Environments

Assessment of Exposure for Pesticide Handlers in Agricultural, Residential and Institutional Environments

Characterization of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in placental cells

Multimedia measurements and activity patterns in an observational pilot study of nine young children

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