Pest survey card on Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum

Abstract

This pest survey card was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M‐2017‐0137), at the request of the European Commission. The purpose of the document is to assist the Member States to plan annual survey activities of quarantine organisms using a statistically sound and risk‐based pest survey approach, in line with current international standards. The data requirements for such an activity include the pest distribution, its host range, its biology and risk factors as well as available detection and identification methods. This document is part of a toolkit that consists of pest‐specific documents, such as the pest survey cards, and generic documents relevant for all pests to be surveyed, including the general survey guidelines and statistical software such as RiBESS+.

Seasonal Abundance of Psyllid Species on Carrots and Potato Crops in Spain

“…In 2017, carrot and potato production within the EU was estimated at 5.8 and 62 million tonnes respectively [1]. In recent years psyllids (Hemiptera: superfamily Psylloidea) have emerged as important pests that threaten carrot and potato production in different regions of the world including Europe [2].…”

An Overview of the Emergence of Plant Pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in Europe

“…L. solanacearum’ haplotypes A and B are associated with the diseases they cause on plants from the Solanaceae family (e.g., S. tuberosum , S. lycopersicum , Capsicum annuum , and Nicotiana spp. ), as well as with the vector B. cockerelli , which transmits the disease [ 26 , 81 , 84 , 87 , 92 , 93 ]. These two haplotypes are very important for the American continent and New Zealand but have not yet been confirmed in Europe ( Table 2 ).…”

“…L. solanacearum’ haplotypes C, D, and E are associated with diseases in plants from the Apiaceae family [ 55 , 78 , 79 , 93 ]. Specifically, haplotype C has been reported to infect carrot crops in European countries (such as Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the UK, Germany, and Estonia), while haplotypes D and E have been reported in several southern European countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain), as well as in Belgium, France, and the UK [ 26 , 40 , 64 ] ( Table 2 ). Haplotype C was found in a carrot crop in Finland and was associated with T. apicalis , due to which carrot yield was reduced by up to 100% [ 23 , 28 , 44 , 87 , 92 , 96 ].…”

“…The appearance of these symptoms makes the diseased tubers unsuitable for both fresh sale as well as processing. Foliar symptoms in plants affected by zebra chip vary considerably but include an upward rolling of the basal portion of young leaves, chlorosis, purple top, aerial tubers, leaf scorch, zigzag-shaped stems, axillary bud proliferation, swollen nodes, shortening of internode length, vascular discoloration, plant wilting, and premature aging [ 5 , 9 , 26 ].…”

Response of carrot seed germination to heat treatment, the emergency measure to reduce the risk of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ seed transmission

“…The pathogen was first identified as associated with zebra chip in potato (Solanum tuberosum) (Munyaneza et al, 2007), and then with other diseases of solanaceous crops in Central and North America and Oceania. In Europe and the Mediterranean region, Lso was associated with vegetative disorders in Apiaceae crops, mainly carrot (Daucus carota) but also parsley (Petroselinum crispum), celery (Apium graveolens), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (EFSA, 2019;EPPO, 2020a;and references therein). In addition, Lso was detected in several commercial Apiaceae seeds marketed in Italy and the United Kingdom (Ilardi et al, 2016;Monger and Jeffries, 2016); in the United Kingdom, Lso was also found in seeds from an historical collection (Monger and Jeffries, 2018).…”