“…In the Arctic, climate change is likely to cause enhanced CSI risk in terms of increased incidence, more frequent outbreaks, geographic spread of existing affected zones, and occurrence of newly affected zones (Pauchard et al, 2016;Sajanti et al, 2017;Waits et al, 2018) The complex ecology of CSI organisms presents a challenge to modelling and predicting their epidemiology (Ostfeld, 2010;Carvalho et al, 2014;Ruscio et al, 2015;Sormunen et al, 2016;Li et al, 2016;White et al, 2018). However, such modelling is needed as disease vectors, such as ticks, mosquitoes, badgers and roe deer, which are associated, for example, with Lyme disease (borreliosis) and tularemia, are expanding their ranges northwards (Jaenson et al, 2012;Jore et al, 2014;Andersen and Davis, 2017;Laaksonen et al, 2017;Blomgren et al, 2018). Under climate change and human-induced land use changes, fragmentation of the landscape was found to affect Lyme disease (Simon et al, 2014), whilst mosquito abundance was associated with outbreaks of tularemia in boreal forest (Rydén et al, 2012).…”