Perylenetetracarboxylic diimide as a high-rate anode for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

Benefitting from large space and semiconductor properties of PTCDI, a PTCDI electrode was constructed for PIBs. The electrode displays an excellent performance in optimized electrolytes which can be attributed to fast electron and ion transport kinetics.

An in-situ spectroscopy investigation of alkali metal interaction mechanism with the imide functional group

“…1(a)). This alkali vapor induced reaction on the PTCDI surface is different from the previous electrochemical intercalation mechanism for the conjugated organic materials with imide groups [22,29,31,39], where the carbonyl groups are the main active center for alkali ion intercalation.…”

“…Moreover, the vast variety of functional groups in organic compounds allows controllable molecular engineering for optimized electrochemical performance. Since the discovery of a promising organic anode-lithium terephthalate (Li2TP) in 2009 [18], several conjugated organic materials such as terephthalic acid (H2TP) [19], sodium terephthalate (Na2TP) [20], perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylicdianhydride (PTCDA) [21], perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylicdiimide (PTCDI) [22], potassium perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate (K4PTC) [23] have been utilized as the potential anode materials for nextgeneration ion batteries. For example, a model anode material, naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), was reported to have a discharge capacity up to ~ 2,000 mAh•g −1 through over-lithiation processes [24].…”

“…PTCDI and its derivatives, known as organic semiconductors and dyes, have been previously studied in the fields of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [25,26], organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [27,28], and secondary ion batteries [22,[29][30][31]. PTCDI has a π-conjugated structure with redox-active imide groups, so it has been utilized as the host materials in LIBs and SIBs to uptake and release alkali ions by electron redox reactions [29,31].…”

Organic Electrode Materials for Non-aqueous K-Ion Batteries

“…e Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at 0.5 A/g and f rate capability of PTCDI. Reproduced with permission [86]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry electrodes can retain a high stability with a capacity retention of 81% after 80 cycles at 2 C (Fig.…”

Metal chalcogenides for potassium storage

“…Inspired by the existing pioneering work involving graphite, tremendous efforts have been devoted to this area of research. To date, several categories of materials are verified to be effective for potassium storage in terms of anodes, including carbon nanophases (eg, hard carbon, graphite, and heteroatom‐doped carbon), alloy‐type (semi‐)metals (eg, Sn, Bi, Sb, and P), metal oxides (eg, Nb 2 O 5 , SnO 2 , Fe x O, and Sb 2 MoO 6 )/sulfides (eg, MoS 2 , VS 2 , SnS 2 , and Sb 2 S 3 ) and phosphides (eg, FeP, CoP, Sn 4 P 3 , and GeP 5 ), sylvite compounds (eg, KVPO 4 F, K 2 V 3 O 8 , KTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , and K x Mn y O z ), metal‐organic composites (eg, Co 3 [Co(CN) 6 ] 2 and K 1.81 Ni[Fe(CN) 6 ] 0.97 ·0.086H 2 O), and pure organic polymers (eg, boronic ester, fluorinated covalent triazine, perylene‐tetracarboxylate, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, azobenzene‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid potassium, 2,2′‐azobis[2‐methylpropionitrile], and poly[pyrene‐ co ‐benzothiadiazole]). However, most carbon materials barely deliver reversible capacities exceeding 300 mAh g −1 despite their excellent electrochemical cyclability.…”