Plasmon-induced chemical reaction is an emerging field but its development faces huge challenges because of low quantum efficiency. Herein, we report that the solar energy conversion efficiency of Au/TiO 2 in plasmon-induced water oxidation is greatly enhanced by intercalating Li + into TiO 2 . An incident photon-to-current efficiency as high as 2.0 %@520 nm is achieved by Au/Li 0.2 TiO 2 in photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation, realizing a 33-fold enhancement in photocurrent density compared with Au/TiO 2 . The superior photoelectrocatalytic performance is mainly ascribed to the enhanced electric conductivity and higher catalytic activity of Li 0.2 TiO 2 . Furthermore, the ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy suggests that lithium intercalation into TiO 2 could change the dynamics of hot electron relaxation in Au nanoparticles. This work demonstrates that intercalation of alkaline ions into semiconductors can promote the charge separation efficiency of the plasmonic effect of Au/TiO 2 .
The demands for high-performance and low-cost batteries make K-ion batteries (KIBs) considered as promising supplements or alternatives for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, there are only a small amount of conventional inorganic electrode materials that can be used in KIBs, due to the large radius of K+ ions. Differently, organic electrode materials (OEMs) generally own sufficiently interstitial space and good structure flexibility, which can maintain superior performance in K-ion systems. Therefore, in recent years, more and more investigations have been focused on OEMs for KIBs. This review will comprehensively cover the researches on OEMs in KIBs in order to accelerate the research and development of KIBs. The reaction mechanism, electrochemical behavior, etc., of OEMs will all be summarized in detail and deeply. Emphasis is placed to overview the performance improvement strategies of OEMs and the characteristic superiority of OEMs in KIBs compared with LIBs and Na-ion batteries.
density are necessary for grid-level frequency regulation, [3] hybrid electric vehicles, [4] material handling equipment, [5] etc. Nevertheless, seldom rechargeable ALIBs or non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can achieve high power density at low temperatures. [6] Compared with non-aqueous electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes with low viscosity and high safety have intrinsic advantages under low temperatures and high rate circumstances. [2,7] Therefore, ALIBs have the potential to maintain excellent capacity and power densities at low temperatures, as long as the following two problems are settled: i) the high freezing point of aqueous solutions causing the dramatic decline in the conductivities of electrolytes at low temperatures; ii) the sluggish kinetics derived from both de-solvation and bulk diffusion steps impeding lithium ions fast de-/intercalation in the electrode materials. [7c] To tackle these thorny problems, scientists have come up with some strategies from a wide perspective. Generally, organic solvents with high polarities, such as ethylene glycol, [8] 1,3-dioxolane, [9] and dimethyl sulfoxide, [10] can break the hydrogen bonds (HBs) network of water and have been used to decrease the freezing point of electrolytes. However, blending with organic solvents would make aqueous electrolytes a lower ionic conductivity, higher toxicity, and combustibility. On the other hand, adding salts with high solubilities, such as LiCl and LiTFSI, is considered a safe, effective, and promising route for building low-temperature electrolytes of ALIBs. [6d,11] However, the unsatisfactory specific capacity of electrode materials even at the low current density (≤0.2 A g -1 ), such as LiMn 2 O 4 (63 mAh g -1 , −40 °C), [11b] LiCoO 2 (65 mAh g -1 , −40 °C), [11a] LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (65 mAh g -1 , −50 °C), [10] and LiFePO 4 (36 mAh g -1 , −20 °C), [8] greatly limits the rapid development of ALIBs. Even though some strategies (nanosize and surface modification) to improve the low-temperature kinetics of electrode materials in non-aqueous LIBs are worth referring and trying, [12] significant progress is rarely reported, which should be attributed to the sluggish electrochemical reaction nature of intercalation compounds at low temperatures.Herein, we propose an ultra-low temperature aqueous lithium ion-bromine battery (ALBB) realized by a tailored functionalized electrolyte (TFE) consisting of lithium bromide (LiBr) and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr), which can keep liquid and possess high conductivity even at the Aqueous lithium-ion batteries are normally limited at low temperatures, because of the consequent low conductivity of electrolytes and the sluggish kinetics of electrode materials. Herein, a high-performance ultra-low temperature aqueous lithium ion-bromine battery (ALBB) realized by a tailored functionalized electrolyte (TFE) consisting of lithium bromide and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) is reported, which can maintain liquid state with high conductivity (1.89 mS cm −1 ) at −60 °C. In additi...
Plasmon-induced chemical reaction is an emerging field but its development faces huge challenges because of low quantum efficiency. Herein, we report that the solar energy conversion efficiency of Au/TiO 2 in plasmon-induced water oxidation is greatly enhanced by intercalating Li + into TiO 2 . An incident photon-to-current efficiency as high as 2.0 %@520 nm is achieved by Au/Li 0.2 TiO 2 in photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation, realizing a 33-fold enhancement in photocurrent density compared with Au/TiO 2 . The superior photoelectrocatalytic performance is mainly ascribed to the enhanced electric conductivity and higher catalytic activity of Li 0.2 TiO 2 . Furthermore, the ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy suggests that lithium intercalation into TiO 2 could change the dynamics of hot electron relaxation in Au nanoparticles. This work demonstrates that intercalation of alkaline ions into semiconductors can promote the charge separation efficiency of the plasmonic effect of Au
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