Perspektif Pemikiran Hukum Barat dalam Penemuan Hukum Adat oleh Hakim: Studi Kasus Putusan Sengketa Tanah Adat di Pengadilan Negeri Muara Teweh, Padang, Makale, dan Painan

Abstract

Adat law as empirical knowledge found by judges through western legal thought grows to be normative knowledge. This research tried to prove the hypothesis that judges used positivist legal reasoning in finding adat law applicable in specific cases. This study, written in the form of a legal descriptive research with socio-legal approach, aims to identify and analyze the legal reasoning used by judges to find applicable adat law. This research proves that the judges applied western legal thought to find appropriate adat law by referring to jurisprudence, doctrines, and concepts on adat law to measure legal actions validity. Positivist legal reasoning practice helped judges to find adat law applicable in concrete cases, but it alienated adat law from its empirical reality since judges only considered particularities of each case which support normative claim found in the existing adat law concepts, doctrines, and jurisprudence. Intisari: Hukum adat sebagai pengetahuan empiris berkembang menjadi pengetahuan normatif yang ditemukan melalui perspektif hukum Barat oleh hakim. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk membuktikan hipotesis bahwa hakim menggunakan nalar hukum adat positivistik dalam menemukan hukum adat yang berlaku dalam suatu sengketa. Sifat dari penelitian hukum ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan sosio-legal untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis nalar/reasoning yang digunakan hakim untuk menemukan hukum adat yang berlaku. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa hakim menggunakan perspektif pemikiran hukum Barat dalam melakukan penemuan hukum adat dengan mendasarkan pada yurisprudensi, doktrin, dan konsep tentang hukum adat untuk mengukur validitas suatu perbuatan hukum. Di satu sisi, praktek nalar positivistik dalam penemuan hukum adat oleh hakim memudahkan hakim untuk menerapkan hukum adat dalam kasus konkrit. Namun di sisi lain hal tersebut menjauhkan perkembangan hukum adat dari realitas empirisnya karena hakim hanya mempertimbangkan partikularitas masing-masing kasus yang sesuai dengan ketentuan/norma hukum adat dalam konsep, doktrin, dan yurisprudensi yang telah ada.

Penerapan Pendekatan Positivistik Dalam Penelitian Hukum Adat

“…Pendekatan positivistik terhadap kajian hukum adat menjelaskan hukum adat sebagai jurisprudence atau sistem hukum yang menempatkan asas dalam kedudukan tertinggi karena bersifat abstrak; sehingga dapat berlaku pada berbagai tempat dan waktu (Koesnoe, 1979;Pradhani, 2020;Simarmata, 2018). Ajaran hukum adat sebagai jurisprudence telah diajarkan sejak tahun 1909 di Rechtsshool; pada tahun 1924 di Rechtshogeschool; dan di tahun 1921 pada Fakultas Ilmu Hukum dan Sastra Universitas Leiden (Djalins, 2013).…”

Indigenous People Between Recognition and Disclaimer of Legal Pluralism Perspective

“…agree with (Sally Falk Moore, 1978), A semi-autonomous social area is defined and constrained not by its organization, but by the characteristics of the process, the fact that within that area it can create laws (rules) and compel or encourage obedience within that area. (Pradhani, 2020), State court decisions recognize and sometimes amend customary law provisions in concrete cases. (Simarmata, 2019), Indigenous people's rights are recognized in various laws and regulations at various levels of government and also in court decisions.…”

Acknowledgment of Adat Law-Based Tenure in the Courtroom: Study of Decisions on Criminal Acts of Land Clearing by Burning, Logging Trees Without Permits, and Collecting Plantation Products Without Permits

“…Utama & Aristya (2015) found that the practice of civil justice accommodates the principles of adat law in the dispute resolution process, such as the principle of light in deciding cases of gender reassignment. Furthermore, research conducted by Pradhani (2020) reported that judges use the perspective of western legal thought in making discoveries of adat law based on jurisprudence, doctrine, and the concept of adat law to measure the validity of a legal action. Then, a study conducted by Hakim & Pradhani (2021) regarding the application of a formalistic approach in finding adat law by judges in disputes over Customary Land Certificates (Surat Keterangan Tanah Adat/SKTA) in Central Kalimantan showed that adat law studies can no longer be separated from state law order, because judges in the court room makes discoveries of adat law through statutory regulations.…”

“…However, this approach distances the development of adat law from its empirical reality because judges focus on finding compatibility of cases with existing concepts, doctrines and jurisprudence (Pradhani, 2020;Hakim & Pradhani, 2021). Another court decision study conducted by Sari, et.…”