Perspectives on Usage of Functional Nanomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy for Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections

Abstract

The clinical applications of nanotechnology are emerging as widely popular, particularly as a potential treatment approach for infectious diseases. Diseases associated with multiple drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a global concern of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has increased the urgency associated with researching and developing novel bactericidal medicines or unorthodox methods capable of combating antimicrobial resistance. Nanomaterial-based treatments are promising for treating severe bacterial infections because they bypass antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Nanomaterial-based approaches, especially those that do not rely on small-molecule antimicrobials, display potential since they can bypass drug-resistant bacteria systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small enough to pass through the cell membranes of pathogenic bacteria and interfere with essential molecular pathways. They can also target biofilms and eliminate infections that have proven difficult to treat. In this review, we described the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the parameters involved in targeting established antibiotic resistance and biofilms. Finally, yet importantly, we talked about NPs and the various ways they can be utilized, including as delivery methods, intrinsic antimicrobials, or a mixture.

Prospects of Microbial Bio‐surfactants To Endorse Prolonged Conservation in the Pharmaceutical and Agriculture Industries

“…Additionally, PGPR enhances nutrient uptake efficiency by improving root architecture, increasing root surface area, and promoting the development of root hairs. By harnessing the potential of biosurfactant producing PGPR, sustainable agricultural practices can be promoted, reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers while enhancing plant health and productivity [32,102,103] …”

“…To enhance the stability, compatibility, and efficiency of biosurfactants, several strategies can be employed. These include strain selection and optimization, purification and characterization, formulation and encapsulation, incorporation of stabilizers and antioxidants, compatibility studies with other formulations and products, genetic engineering for improved stability and resistance, as well as appropriate storage and packaging techniques [103,144] . By implementing these tactics, biosurfactants can be further developed as sustainable alternatives in various fields such as bioremediation, agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics, thereby expanding their range of applications [165,166] …”

“…By harnessing the potential of biosurfactant producing PGPR, sustainable agricultural practices can be promoted, reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers while enhancing plant health and productivity. [32,102,103] In addition, when biosurfactants are applied to plants or soil, they affect the native microflora of those areas. [96,98] These native microflorae manage plant growth directly or indirectly, reduce abiotic and biotic stresses, and eliminate pollutants available in the agricultural field or root area of plants.…”

Biogenic carbon dots: a novel mechanistic approach to combat multidrug-resistant critical pathogens on the global priority list

“…12,13 The anti-bacterial mechanisms of nanoparticles may be divided into three categories-piercing bacteria's drug-resistant biofilm to perform bactericidal tasks, generating oxidative damage to bacteria based on their nanoenzyme activity, and antimicrobial agent loading to improve antibiotic bioavailability and efficiency. 14,15 In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the use of various nanomaterials, such as anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), noble metal nanoparticles (such as Au NPs and Ag NPs), semiconductor nanoparticles, polymer nanostructures, and carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), for the management and eradication of bacterial infections, both in laboratory settings (in vitro) and in vivo. 16 AMPs are short-cationic and amphiphilic peptides renowned for their broad-spectrum antibacterial action, mainly through breaking microbial membranes, making bacteria resistant.…”

“…12,13 The anti-bacterial mechanisms of nanoparticles may be divided into three categories-piercing bacteria's drug-resistant biofilm to perform bactericidal tasks, generating oxidative damage to bacteria based on their nanoenzyme activity, and anti-microbial agent loading to improve antibiotic bioavailability and efficiency. 14,15…”