Perspective information in a cockpit as a target acquisition aid.

Breda, L. van; Veltman, Hans

doi:10.1037/1076-898x.4.1.55

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For instance in military aviation, efforts have examined the design and evaluation of novel displays to help pilots more efficiently develop and maintain SA (van Breda & Veltman, 1998;Williams, 2000). In commercial aviation, studies have investigated the effect of automation on aircrew communication and co-ordination (Field & Harris, 1998).…”

Section: Situation Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch

Blandford

Wong

2004

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

152

102

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Situation Awareness, and how systems can be designed to support it appropriately, have been a focus of study in dynamic, safety critical contexts such as aviation. The work reported here extends the study of situation awareness into the domain of Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD). The study was conducted in one of the largest ambulance services in the world. In this study, we encountered development and exploitation of situation awareness, particularly among the more senior EMD operators called allocators. In this paper we describe the notion of a 'mental picture' as an outcome of situation awareness, how an awareness of the situation is developed and maintained, the cues allocators attend to, and the difficulties they face in doing so. One of the key characteristics of ambulance control is that relatively routine behaviour is periodically interspersed with incidents that demand much higher levels of attention, but that the routine work must still be completed; operators exhibit contrasting levels of situation awareness for the different kinds of incidents. Our findings on situation awareness are related to those of others, particularly Endsley and Wickens. The observations and interviews enable us to propose high-level requirements for systems to support appropriate situation awareness, to enable EMD staff to complete their work effectively.

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Section: Situation Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch

Blandford

Wong

2004

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

152

102

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“…Across an array of tasks, a number of studies have found benefits for 3D perspective over 2D (Bemis, Leeds, & Winer, 1988;Ellis, McGreevy, & Hitchcock, 1987;Hickox & Wickens, 1999 (Andre, Wickens, Moorman, & Boschelli, 1991;Baumann, Blanksteen, & Dennehy, 1997;Burnett & Barfield, 1991;Haskell & Wickens, 1993;Van Breda & Veltman, 1998;Wickens, Liang, Prevett, & Olmos, 1996;Wickens & Prevett, 1995), and still other studies have found 2D superior to 3D (Boyer, Campbell, May, Merwin, & Wickens, 1995;Boyer & Wickens, 1994;O'Brien & Wickens, 1997;Wickens, Campbell, Liang, & Merwin, 1995;Wickens & May, 1994;Wickens, Miller, & Tham, 1996). The details of tasks and interfaces vary widely in these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of 2D and 3D Displays for Shape-Understanding versus Relative-Position Tasks

John¹,

Cowen

Smallman³

et al. 2001

Hum Factors

167

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Research on when and how to use three-dimensional (3D) perspective views on flat screens for operational tasks such as air traffic control is complex. We propose a functional distinction between tasks: those that require shape understanding versus those that require precise judgments of relative position. The distortions inherent in 3D displays hamper judging relative positions, whereas the integration of dimensions in 3D displays facilitates shape understanding. We confirmed these hypotheses with two initial experiments involving simple block shapes. The shape-understanding tasks were identification or mental rotation. The relative-position tasks were locating shadows and determining directions and distances between objects. We then extended the results to four experiments involving complex natural terrain. We compare our distinction with the integral/separable task distinction of Haskel and Wickens (1993). Applications for this research include displays for air traffic control, geoplots for military command and control, and potentially, any display of 3D information.

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“…However, the empirical evidence supporting the use of 3-D displays is decidedly mixed, and Andre and Wickens (1995) caution that sometimes "users want what's not best for them." Across an array of tasks, many studies have found benefits for a 3-D perspective over a two-dimensional (2-D) perspective (Andre et al, 1991;Bemis, Leeds, and Winer, 1988;Burnett and Barfield, 1991;Ellis, McGreevey, and Hitchcock 1987;Haskell and Wickens, 1993;and Van Breda and Veltman, 1998). Other studies have found rough parity (Wickens et al, 1996), and still other studies have found 2-D superior to 3-D (Boyer et al, 1995;O'Brien and Wickens, 1997;Ware and Lowther, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Two-Dimensional and Perspective Views of Terrain

John¹,

Oonk²,

Cowen³

2000

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The use of three-dimensional (3-D) perspective views on flat screens for military command and control tasks is accelerating. The question is when and how to use these displays effectively. We report the results of three experiments to test the hypotheses that 3-D displays are useful for understanding object shape, but two-dimensional (2-D) displays are more useful for understanding relative positions of objects. We tested this hypothesis using terrain stimuli. Participants viewed a 7-by 9-mile piece of terrain in 3-D from a 45-degree angle, a 90-degree angle, or in 2-D as a topographic map. In Experiment 1, participants chose the correct ground-level view from among four alternatives. In Experiment 2, participants judged whether the position of one location was visible from another location, or obstructed by intervening terrain. In Experiment 3, participants judged which of two locations was higher. We found that participants were faster and more accurate in selecting the correct terrain shape with the 3-D views, but were more accurate in selecting the higher terrain location with the 2-D views.in

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Perspective information in a cockpit as a target acquisition aid.

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch

Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch

The Use of 2D and 3D Displays for Shape-Understanding versus Relative-Position Tasks

Using Two-Dimensional and Perspective Views of Terrain

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